Yintoni i-Internet Protocol: nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Namhlanje, phantse bonke abasebenzisi ukuba ufikelelo lwehlabathi kwi- World Wide Web okanye yenza i rhoqo uqhagamshelwano LAN usebenzisa ekuthiwa-iprotocol Internet. Kwimeko nganye, le meko kunye ukusebenzisa kwabo kunye uqwalaselo zisenokwahluka khulu. Masizame ukuchonga nezimaphambili ezingundoqo.

Yintoni i-Intanethi: ingqiqo kunye nembali yendalo

Kukholelwa ukuba ongukhokho wazo zonke kwi Internet ubizwa esekwe kwi-United States APRANET womnatha ngexesha elinye ukuthobela nkqu emkhosini. kubume bayo sikuko ukusetyenziswa ipakethi transfer data, ngamanye abanye iinxalenye ezinokuchazwa kwaye wadlala emva kwenye terminal.

Ngamanye amazwi, i-Internet Protocol kunye ngelo xesha, kwaye ngoku ibandakanya ezinye iseti yemithetho ulawulo lwedatha phakathi computer ezinjengeetheminali, iiseva, iifowuni, njl Oko ngokusebenzisa isicwangciso emanyeneyo kwaye oko kwaba Akwenzeki ukuxhulumana izixhobo ehlabathini lonke omnye komnye ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezizodwa okanye ukufikelela ngaxeshanye ukuya esifanayo.

Yintoni na imigaqo-Internet?

Umzekelo, ingcaciso oko Protocol Internet, cinga iinkqubo zekhompyutha ixhaphakileyo ebaleka Windows (Mac OS X kunye nezinye iinkqubo UNIX-ezifana ezifana Linux, asizi ukuchaphazela).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezininzi ezisisiseko iintlobo yi TCP / IP, UDP, FTP, ICMP, DNS, HTTP , njl Uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ixesha elide. Yintoni na ke bonke ezahlukeneyo?

Umahluko ilele kuphela kumanqanaba target. Umzekelo, kukho amanqanaba ngokomzimba (adale unxibelelwano usebenzisa isibini ezijijekileyo okanye ifayibha), ARP-eliphilileyo, kuquka abaqhubi isixhobo, umaleko womnatha (IP standard kunye ICMP protocol), umaleko zothutho (TCP kunye UDP), kwaye kananjalo izicelo, nto leyo equka ezifana HTTP protocol, FTP, DNS, NFS, njl

Apha, ngasendleleni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokupheleleyo zonke indlela ezisemthethweni (nkqu ezo kuxhomekeke uvavanyo Internet) mgangathweni inkqubo ISO / OSI, ukuze, xa zisetyenziswa kumaqonga ahlukeneyo sokuze ukungaphumeleli nkqu kwimeko ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zokusebenza kunye multi-nomthengisi, kusetyenziselwa ukuseka i uxhulumaniso. Asinto nzima ukuqonda ukuba ngalo mzuzu ngokupheleleyo Akukhathaliseki oko Operating System efakwe kwikhompyutha okanye kwi laptop yakho okanye nayiphi na amacandelo onxibelelwano njengoko imizila, amakhadi womnatha, imodem, njl ekujongwe ukuba ukuseka i uxhulumaniso.

Internet Protocol IP (TCP / IP)

Namhlanje, aziwayo kakhulu lo protocol kuthiwa TCP / IP. Enyanisweni, le nkqubo iquka loqwalaselo esisiseko (IP) kunye superstructure (TCP), nto leyo ingeyo lokuqala ayikwazi ukusebenza kuba akukho nto lingaqulathi iipakethi idatha ethunyelwe.

Sami TCP-izivumelwano iya kuthunyelwa ibe isicelo kuphela ngokusekelwe IP. Ngoko ke, oko kwaba yimfuneko ukuba ukongeza kwi ezingundoqo parameters ezintathu protocol ezakunika yokugcina isiseko transferred ulwazi karhulumente Upakisho ngokwabo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba athwale ziqwempu checksum eyabelwe byte ngalinye inombolo ukulandelelana data ukufumanisa ephambili kunye ufolo Thumela kwaye ufumane, lo Umchongi ekuthiwa qinisekisa mechanical iinkcukacha ukuthumela nokufumana, kwakunye kwakhona ngokuthumela isicelo, ukuba ikhona, iinkcukacha uyabanda andibathumanga, okanye Babizwa kwamkelwa.

Apha kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo kwakhona ukuba kuqokelelwe elandelwayo enjalo protocol kuphela IP-based. Kodwa kuqala, kwisigaba kucwangciso uxhulumaniso, ngoko imo ayidlulisele, yaye ekugqibeleni ukuseka ikhefu uqhagamshelwano emva kokwaziswa reception lugqityiwe.

uqwalaselo nokuvavanya indlela

Qwalasela Internet Protocol kwinkqubo Windows ayisebenzi. Kufuneka usebenzise izicwangciso network (okanye AC iadaptha), apho umgca ohambelana wemenu kukhethiwe kuphela. Ngaphambili, kwaba elula, ekubeni Windows 7 ke, emilukweni, kukho iindidi ezimbini: IPv4 ne IPv6 (zamadoda enye iseti iimpawu emiselweyo).

Ucwangciso olungagqibekanga senziwa ngqo for IPv4 (njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili). Kodwa protocol IPv6 Internet elitsha kwaye ihlala alibangwa.

Eneneni, itshekhi enokwenziwa nkqu ukufikelela ubume womnatha ngokusebenzisa indlela yokusebenza yetreyi. Icon kwiqela lenjongo rhoqo azisa umsebenzisi malunga nokufumaneka uqhagamshelwano kwi LAN kunye Internet. Akukho nto esintsonkothileyo.

Yintoni zithande?

Xa umcimbi lokusetyenziswa kukhethwa kuqala a protocol kufuneka sakhele phezu ukuba ezinye iinjongo yona. Umzekelo, iiprotokoli uhlobo FTP kufuneka, gxebe, ukukhuphela ulwazi sayithi ethile okanye uzilayishe iifayile ezivela izibonelelo ezixhasa inkqubo zodluliselo lwedata. Ukukhangela i Internet kulo mzekelo, inokwenziwa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezilawula izicelo (ekulayisheni kunye nokothula), ithunyelwe ethile FTP-server.

UDP uhlobo protocol akusoloko kusetyenziswa. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi zicwangciso zisetyenziswa koomatshini mobile. Kodwa ke, njengokuba icacile, nathi ngoku iinkqubo ezinjalo azichaphazeleki, ngenxa yokuba nje ezinjengeetheminali zokubhala ikhompyutha kunye cacis Windows, ifakelwe phezu kwabo.

Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo izicwangciso protocol, nokuba zokusebenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngesiseko twatse omnye komnye. components ngeentlobo kuphela ezizodwa, uze kuphela ngegama layo, kodwa ufakelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngakumbi ngomgaqo we uxhulumaniso entsha ngokusekelwe ezinye uhlobo olandelwayo phantse efanayo.

Ngaphezu koko, Windows, ekuqaleni ebekwe ukusebenzisa ezizezi zeTCP / IP njenge protocol iphela. Yonke enye into mhlawumbi ngokuzenzekelayo engalungiswanga okanye ayilungiswanga kwaphela. Kwaye ukuba siye okwangoku ingqalelo WAP-protocol, imigangatho efanelekileyo unxibelelwano mobile, kuphela yi computer.