Yintoni Mac? Owona mbane yoxinaniso kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni

MPC ezingcolisa - ixabiso kuvumelekile na eyonakalisayo iikhemikali equlethwe lomhlaba, amanzi okanye umoya awuchaphazeli - kakubi ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo - on eziphilayo. Yeenqobo iiyunithi ezifanelekileyo zigqitywa izifundo ezinobungozi.

Iimpawu ze MPC njenge imitha

Yintoni i-Mac na ummiselo eziphilayo? Esi salathisi iphambili eziphilayo mveliso, nto leyo guided bonke amashishini mveliso. Mac amaxabiso ezinto eyenziwe yaza yasasazwa uhlobo lwesakhiwo kwemichiza kunye neziphumo ezinobungozi kwi eziphilayo. Imithetho karhulumente, ukungqinelana ngayo inyanzelekile.

Kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo, equlethe izinto eziyingozi, kulinganiswa ngo iMPC:

• mg / DM ³ - umlinganiselo kwi kwehayidrosfere;
• mg / m ³ - umlinganiselo emoyeni, yaye umoya indawo yokusebenza;
• mg / kg - ukujonga isalathisi emhlabeni.

Xa ebunayo amaxabiso umda uthathe ingqalelo yingozi nje kuphela abantu, kodwa kwakhona zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokubanzi. ukuthotyelwa Regulatory ungagcina ecosystem lonke, hayi iintlobo ngamnye izilwanyana nezityalo.

ngezigaba

MPC kwezinto ezinobungozi, kuxhomekeke iqondo igalelo eziphilayo zahlulwe ngokweendidi ingozi 4:

1. I iklasi - kuyingozi kakhulu.
2. Class II - kuyingozi kakhulu.
3. iklasi III - yingozi.
4. iklasi IV - obuphakathi yingozi.

Kuxhomekeka amaqela umngcipheko izincedisi ezingcolisa, litshintsha ixesha layo Mac kunye yokuhlala ku imvelo eziphilayo phambi iikhompawundi chemical.

imihlobo iMPC

Kuxhomekeka iikhrayitheriya uvavanyo lokusingqongileyo Waziqhiwula amaxabiso eziliqela iMPC.

Ukwaba ezikwiizowuni industrial:

• MPCwa - isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya imeko yempilo yemeko endaweni yokusebenza. Le ndawo ukusebenza - nesithuba apho abasebenzi kumsebenzi, oquka kangangeemitha ezi-2 ngasentla kweqonga. Ngumlingani ichaza isixa ukungcola e emoyeni, akuthethi esingenakubangela naliphi na ukungaqheleki kwimpilo yabantu amashumi eminyaka.
• PDKp.p. - ibalasele kwizityalo zoshishino okanye kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, njengoko ixabiso uthatha ixabiso 0.3 MPCwa

Kwiindawo ezisezidolophini, kukho ezinye imigangatho iimeko zokusingqongileyo esesibhakabhakeni, nto leyo emiselwe zinto zilandelayo:

• PDKn.p. - ixabiso lilonke ungcoliseko avumelekile emoyeni kuloo dolophana. Ngokwahlukeneyo, amazinga avareji release imihla kongcoliseko single ubuninzi.
• PDKm.r. - inani ungcoliseko emoyeni kwiindawo ezisezidolophini, ibinzana iphezulu ukuba sisebenza inhalation elinye. Lomlingani ibalwa ukuze izinto akuthethi ukuba yokusabela kwizinto imichiza kukungakhuseleki omfutshane (malunga nemizuzu engama-20).
• PDKs.s. - ulungisa isixa izinto eziyingozi enamandla apho kungekho nempembelelo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu, ngaphandle kokuba inhalation kwewotshi.

Kufuneka iqondwe into indawo ukusebenza loo ezidolophini iMPC. MPCwa kubalwa ukusuka datha ilandelayo yokuqala:

• kwindawo elingcolileyo abantu abadala kunye nempilo entle;
• ukuhlala kuphela nenkcazo yomsebenzi, kunye neeyure ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ngaphezulu kwe-8.

izinto ezinobungozi emoyeni le lali ibe nefuthe ummi ngamnye: omdala okanye umntwana, ugula, okanye iphilile, xa oko imini nobusuku gqolo ebomini. Ngenxa yoko, ngokuba zingcolisayo inye kumiselwa eyahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye amaxabiso ubuninzi boxinzelelo kuvumelekile. lomlingani Ngokuqhelekileyo MPC kwindawo yokusebenza PDKn.p. eziphezulu kakhulu

Icacisa amaxabiso umda emanzini nasentlabathini

Yintoni luxinzelelo eliphezulu ngokuvunywe of imithombo? Lo xi elasekwa ibhanile isingcolisi ilitha 1 yamanzi nganye. Amaxabiso lomlingani bazimisele ngokwahlukeneyo ngohlobo ngalunye ndawo. Ukwahlula iintlanzi-economic amanzi, ukusela kunye iinjongo zasekhaya.

Ukubekwa MPC ukungcola emhlabeni - eyona nto inzima. Kubalwa ngokususela iimpawu zomhlaba kunye nohlobo imichiza kwezinto eziyingozi. Izalathisi zisoloko ezahlukeneyo, kunye amaxabiso netafile nganye khompawundi ekungcoliseni alithathwanga ngaphandle.

Ukusasazwa ubuninzi boxinzelelo kuvumelekile ukuphefumla imvelo

Yintoni luxinzelelo eliphezulu ngokuvunywe of anemichiza, ukuba arhente nganye singenza eyahlukileyo?

Kuba kudidi eyondeleleneyo yeekhemikhali eziyingozi ayikhuphi amaqela eziliqela yesiphene iimpawu nefuthe kwi esiphilayo, ingakumbi umntu:

• jikelele buthi;
• kubanikazi;
• sensitizers;
• carcinogens;
• mutagens;
• echaphazela impilo ephathelele ekuzaleni.

Iqela ngalinye luphawulwa iimpawu ezithile yityhefu, ixesha izenzo kunye wathola MPCs.

Ubuthi kunye nempembelelo ityhefu jikelele

ubuthi Common ukuba ityhefu kakhulu yonke eziphilayo. Le ukunyhashwa ecaca ephawuleka yi luvo ngabantu: kukho unditsho, ukuphazamiseka isiqaqa, ukukhubazeka. Iqela kwezinto ityhefu jikelele ziquka hydrocarbon enuka kunye nitro kunye amido nezakhi zabo, iikhompawundi phosphorus eziphilayo, chlorine, kwakunye ezinye iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo.

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo:

• Ityhefu kunye nemixube yayo;
• benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene;
• dichloroethane;
• HG;
• PB;
• carbon oxide (IV).

Usulelo ezininzi izinto kwenzeka kuphela lemveliso kodwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

MPC emoyeni jikelele izinto eziyityhefu

Cinga avareji yokusebenza imihla kunye Mac single emoyeni kunye kwindawo yokusebenza wedolophu. Kuba lula nokucaca, ulwazi lunikezelwa ngendlela tabular.

I-avareji yoxinaniso kwezinto eziyingozi ibandakanya intsebenziswano kunye umzimba womntu iminyaka eliqela ngaphandle uphuhliso nasiphi na isohlwayo.

Action ukubacaphukisa imichiza

anemichiza ichaphazela eluswini, inwebu yangaphakathi kunye phecana zokuphefumla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, indima ukubacaphukisa Substances Act halogens kunye oxides ye-nitrogen nesulfure.

inhalation elide umphunga iziphumo eliyingozi kwemikhuba yokuphefumla, ukunxila kunye nokufa.

Sensitizers kunye nomoya iMPC

Substances ezazisazisa ukusebenza kunokubangela uxabane ebantwini. Ngu iikhompawundi eziqhelekileyo eli qela ziquka aldehydes kunye hexachloran.

Sensitizers ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera xa utshisa kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo. A imali encinci formaldehyde iyekelela nasekhaya: efunyanwa kulo ezininzi kunye nezinto ophela, ifanitshala.

Carcinogens kunye mutagens

Iqela kakhulu eziyingozi ezingcolisa acid, ifuthe emzimbeni womntu ixesha elide phantsi. Carcinogens kunye Mutagens - izinto enamandla kunye ixesha elide abagxothwa amanyathelo. Ngu carcinogens ziquka asbestos, beryllium, benzpyrene, amine enuka kamnandi. Baqumbisa ukuyilwa yamathumba ezahlukeneyo amabi.

Mutagens ukumqumbisa utshintsho kweejini yabantu, ezo idluliselwe kubantwana. Ezi ziquka izinto radioactive, manganese, ilothe, peroxides organic kunye formaldehyde.

izinto ezininzi mutagenic Ukongezelela kuchaphazela impilo nezenzala, yaye ziquka benzene kunye naziphi nezakhi zayo, ilothe, kwistibhiya, manganese, izinambuzane, chloroprene kunye nabanye.