Izinto radioactive - yintoni na ingozi yokwenene?

Zonke eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo uhlobo kwi kwiplanethi yethu ubethwa radiation radioactive ngexesha ubukho yayo yonke. Ukuze siphephe oku akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo.

izinto radioactive kufuneka ibekwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni nangaphandle kuyo - lo ngumsebenzi wamaziko ngenxa yobukho imvelaphi yendalo, fomu yendalo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Zikhona kuzo zonke imifinya zomhlaba: komhlaba, kumhlaba, emanzini, emoyeni.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto radioactive zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu:

1. Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo leyo akhiwa neyuranium-232, thorium-232 no 235 actinouranium.
2. izinto Radioactive 40 potassium, calcium 48, rubidium no-87, ukuba hayi ezinxulumene iqela lokuqala.
3. Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezi lasekwa ngo reactions zenyukliya, eziqala ngokuqubekayo kwindlela ihlabathi ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni eyingozi evela emkhathini (umz, eziFihliweyo, icarbon 14 no-3).

Kwelinye icala, ezi izinto zahlulwe radioactivity yendalo neyenziweyo. Le yemvelo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ixesha elide ezikhoyo ezimbaxa ngokwendalo element. Sabo isiqingatha ubomi isusela ukusuka anekhulu ukuya iminyaka eliwaka.

imisebe ezingezizo ke ngenxa yokusabela zenyukliya, indoda ibaleka. Ngokomzekelo, xa ibhombu yenyukliya eveliswa malunga 250 ezineeathom ezilinganayo, apho 225 abantu eqhumayo. Ezi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ngokucandeka wenyukliya ekuthiwa njalo-amacandelo 'enzima ", kunye nemveliso yazo ukubola elandelayo. Umsebenzi Radioactive kuxhomekeke ngqo kwinani eziba uhageleyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa eziba kwakhiwa, kungona umsebenzi.

ingozi olukhawulezileyo radiation ukuba izinto eziphilayo atom eziyityhefu (Ra 226, Th 228, PB 21, Ru 106, Na 22, Sr 89, njalo njalo), ezibandakanya epheleleyo isiqalo athom neplutoniyam neyuranium - ngamanye inxalenye amafutha enyukliya, nto leyo akangenanga kwi enziwe ngokucandeka.

Abantu baye bakwazi ukudala atom ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini iisoyi kunye ndafunda ukusebenzisa amandla enyukliya ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ayikho uxolo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, amandla ibhombu yenyukliya isetyenziswa amayeza, izixhobo, ukukhangela zezimbiwa kunye nokuveliswa lwamandla ezingabizi. Ngaloo ukwandisa itotali ithamo radiation abemi komhlaba.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi radioactive izinto zibe emzimbeni womntu ngokusebenzisa ukutya, amanzi kunye nomoya. Imali kunye ubuthi atom kwi ukutya kumiselwa imeko yemisebe eliye lakhula kule ngingqi.

Izityalo ukufunxa imisebe kuphela ukusuka emhlabeni, kodwa imvula yendalo. Uninzi atom inokuqokelelana khaphetshu kunye beetroot, kwaye mncinanana kubo bonke iqulethwe engceni zesiqhelo.

Zokuhlanjululwa izityalo kunye nonyango thermal emva kakhulu kunciphisa isixa kwemitha kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa uhlamba iitapile kunye beetroot isuswe kwi-40% ye atom, yaye xa upheka - 10-15%. Xa upheka izilwanyana inyama izinto radioactive kwakhona kudlula kulo umhluzi (kuma-20% ukuya kuma-50%).

Ukunciphisa umxholo atom Iimveliso zobisi, ukuba eziguqulelwe kakuhle asemzimbeni kunye ziiprotein ligxile.

Yintoni na ingozi radiation?

Okokuqala, nkqu iingedosi ezincinane oko kungakhokelela ekubeni kubekho udederhu lweziganeko emzimbeni esa ukungaqheleki yemfuza okanye umhlaza. Imitha ngeedosi eziphezulu utshabalalisa iiseli zomzimba, ebangela ukufa eziphilayo. Kwinqanaba zeselula, indlela yonakele division iseli kunye nezixhobo ezihamba chromosomal ezivaliweyo iinkqubo ukuvuselela ukuyilwa iiseli kunye nokuvuselelwa olulandelayo izicwili.

Izinto kakhulu buhlungu radioactive ukuthobela umongo, lengqula, gonads, yaye udakada - oko kukuthi, abo amalungu ezifuna nokuhlaziya rhoqo iiseli zomzimba.