Yintoni na igesi-luvo? uncedo lokuqala kwirhasi ityhefu

Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni kwale ndoda wayesoloko kwafuneka ukuba zizibonakalise alo khona. iimeko zokuphila ezinzima, ezitya inyama ezinkulu iintshaba zakhe nokuba into embi ezinye izidalwa ezikrelekrele. abantu ukuba sixhathise ubushushu ukubanda, ndafunda ukwakha izindlu baze benze iimpahla, libeyise kwiintshaba iintshaba ezikrelekrele - ukukwazi oluphuculiweyo ukumbulala. Lilinge lokuqala ukusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo eziyityhefu kungathathwa ngeentolo ntofo ityhefu. Kodwa isintu wayengekho ngokwaneleyo; oko kubonakalise ukuba ukubetha ezinintsi iintshaba, negesi luvo yasungulwa.

Yintoni na?

iigesi Nerve - iqela arhente zemfazwe lwekhemikhali, equka i-compound ze-(organophosphates kunye Austral FOV). Le into yityhefu kakhulu. Ezinokuba Bahlele ungayisebenzisa njengendlela isixhobo nempukane. Noko ke, amava ukusetyenziswa arhente kwemichiza ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi njenge isixhobo ebangele njengesiphango yoqhankqalazo eluntwini. Nangona uphuhliso ixesha akanangozi kwe gas luvo mihla. BaseJamani isetyenzisiwe kwityeli lokuqala njenge chloro kweziyobisi ityhefu. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II okuyiphatha umsebenzi ekuvelisweni kwegesi isisi. Uphuhliso Eyingozi iye yalibala, kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo wala kuye.

Ezinye izibakala ukususela kwimbali

Esokuqala abhalwe ngokusemthethweni kuhlaselwa wemichiza kwenzeka ngo-1915 (April). Kodwa umlando bazama ityhefu mass kunye igesi ngaphambili. Oku kukhankanyiwe yemihla China yamandulo kunye neerekhodi kumaXesha Aphakathi.

iikhompawundi ze-zalungiselelwa ngo-1846 yi-French yemichiza Louis Jacques thenar. Ngowe-1934 kakade, le usomachiza waseJamani Gerhard Shradar uzama ukuphuhlisa zinambuzane esebenzayo isicelo arhente ze-ukuvala luvo zizinambuzane. Ngowe-1936, ngexesha amalinge, kwaba igesi-luvo - umhlambi. Ngowe-1937, enye ingcali yenzululwazi kwenzeka ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo nethontsi impahla yayo, bafumana ukuba yityhefu ebantwini. Emva koko Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ingxelo ukuvulwa iSebe lezoKhuselo.

Ngowe-1938, Schrader neqela abancedisi ukuba nokulungelelanisa le isisi igesi luvo. ukusebenza lakhe eliphezulu waya ezinkomeni ngokuphindwe-10. Ngowe-1944, i-German R. Kuhn kuhlelwe nokuba igesi eyityhefu ngakumbi - soman. Kamva, bakhula umchiza kakhulu yingozi - cyclosarin.

Faka uphuhliso chemical, amaNazi eJamani, okanye akabanga nabuganga, okanye akazange abe nexesha. Kodwa amalinge on yoxinaniso nkampu amabanjwa zabanjwa kwaye ezichazwe.

igesi isisi. Ingakumbi ifuthe umzimba womntu

yahlulahlulwe Inkqubo luvo ukuze iiseli ayo kwahlulwa omnye komnye umgama microscopically ezincinane. Kodwa lo encinane ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukuphazamisa inkqubela-luvo, leyo bekwi abalamli transfer ukuwela umgama kunye jitters badlulela iiseli ezisecaleni kunye imicu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule nkqubo kuthathwa acetylcholine. It uleyisayo kumgama ebangela yindibanisela iiseli izihlunu, waza emva koko watshabalalisa apetilholinesterazoy.

igesi Action luvo isekelwe phezu yaphula inkqubo ukuqhekeka acetylcholine. iiseli Muscle kuqhubeka ukuyishwabanisa, iiseli zemithambo-luvo anemincili, isicaphucaphu, unditsho kunye nokukhubazeka, ithwele ukufa.

igesi-luvo yi ezingenambala kunye esha. Emangalisayo, kodwa kubume bendalo, udibaniso yi ulwelo. Isisi njengoko soman, kunye tabun, inzima ngaphezu kwamanzi, enyibilikayo kakhulu lipids kunye izinyibilikisi ze-oganikhi, ukubilisa kwi 150 ° C (kwisizukulwana esilandelayo iigesi - 300 ° C). Eli qela lonke izinto eziyityhefu ziyityhefu kakhulu, olungapheliyo, kunzima ukuchaza kwaye kunzima ekuqapheleni uhlobo ngqo.

Ibhaluni nge gas luvo

nemoto Gas - iindlela ezikhoyo yokuzikhusela. Nangona kunjalo, igesi kuhlangana iinkonkxa musa ungathengisi kuba oko kuyingozi kakhulu. Nokuba ngeedosi ezincinane kakhulu, oko kunokubangela umonakalo kwiindawo ezinkulu. canisters Gas ezele teargas okanye etyabulayo pepper esahlala. Ezi zinto musa ukumbulala ibangele avuthayo, kujuba, ukukhohlela kunye neengxaki zamehlo. Zonke ezi mpawu zezexeshana.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iigesi-luvo - usongo ngqo kuluntu, bayaqhubeka ukufunda, nokulungelelanisa kwaye usebenzise ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngoko ke, ngo-1988 Saddam Huseyn wahlasela isixeko Halabadzha ziphosa iziqhushumbisi kunye isisi kunye tabun. It ezingaphezulu kwama-15 amawaka. Man abangalwiyo.

Ngowe-1995, Tokyo waba abagrogrisi usebenzisa isisi. Gas wayengekho ngendlela zetoti, oko kuphalala ngeemoto engaphantsi. Emva koko abantu 13 babulawa, kodwa kukho malunga 10 eliwaka. Amatyala ityiwe kakhulu.

Ncedisa

iigesi Nerve zithunyelwa izikhali umchiza zokubulala abantu abaninzi. abantu abachaphazelekayo kulo mzekelo efunekayo uncedo lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo. Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi ukuba ukunceda umntu ndibandezelekile izinto eziyityhefu equlethwe umxube zerhasi-luvo?

Umyalelo zoncedo lokuqala:

• Oko umonakalo akukho ngakumbi inkqubo yokuphefumla, ixhoba kufuneka banxibe imaski igesi.
• Ukusungulwa alikaziwa, leyo nokuphelisa ixhoba. Le buqhinga kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Inaliti ityhubhu usebenzisa isirinji ezele ichiza ethile. Faka intramuscularly iziyobisi. Le ngesirinji kufuneka zirekhodishwe iimpahla yexhoba kwabanye abantu, ukunika uncedo, ukuze wazi ukuba lo mntu sele wangena alikaziwa.
• Le nto ilulwelo ipasile anti-igesi ethile. Kufuneka ingasetyenziswa sanitizing ubuze iindawo ulusu.
• Njengoko engxamisekileyo kufuneka kwenziwe ngobungxamo lixhoba kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka iliso ubume nexhoba kwaye xa imandundu kwakhona faka ebubuvuvu ukuthintela kukuvela ukuxhuzula.
• Xa igesi zetoti sokutshiza kwakhona uba impahla ingcolisekile. Kamsinya nje le ndoda abawathabathayo imimandla echaphazelekileyo, kukho imfuno engxamisekileyo indawo yawo. Couples into eseleyo iingubo, zingachaphazela ulusu kunye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla.
• internal ezingezizo angafuna achaphazelekayo ukuba zazisetyenziswa nxamnye neegesi ezifana monoxide carbon okanye isisi.