Yintoni na irhasi lwemostade?

Imfazwe - njalo eloyikekayo. Ke ezinye izixhobo zibubujorha kangangokuba zavalwa zonke iindibano enokuthelekelelwa yamazwe ngamazwe imfazwe. Le yokugqibela ziquka gas lwemostade, eyaziwa njenge-arhente lwemostade.

Iimpawu zomzimba imichiza

Le arhente chemical unalo ifomula (Cl-CH ₂ CH ₂₎ 2. Mustard inxulumene vesicatory ngokupheleleyo utshabalalisa emiphungeni yi inhalation noba imali encinane kakhulu yigesi. Ngokugqibeleleyo engena emzimbeni eluswini, iimaski standard irabha nalo akubonakali.

Le into Akukho umbala, kodwa kwezinye iimeko wabonakalisa namona kancinane elityheli okanye oluhlaza. Kukholelwa ukuba lwemostade ufumana igama layo ukusuka ivumba bokuhlala efanayo ivumba iimbewu zompopulari esi sityalo, kodwa abasindileyo abambalwa baye khumbula malunga ivumba horseradish.

"Ubhaptizo lomlilo"

Okokuqala babhala ukulwa ukusetyenziswa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa kwicala German edubula gas lwemostade nemikhosi Russian. Kwathi phantsi kwidolophu Ypres (Belgium) ngo-1917.

Kwimeko usebenzisa kuqala ukulwa ityhefu bayo abantu malunga 2.5 zaliwaka, 87 kubo bafa. usomachiza IsiNgesi ngokukhawuleza nako ukwenza igesi lwemostade kweli khaya, kodwa imveliso yawo wakwazi ukuseka kuphela ngonyaka, yaye kwiinyanga nje ezimbini emva kokuba ukuxolelana sisayinwe.

Qaphela ukuba yeHlabathi yokuQala yaziwa ngokuba ixesha apho ezinetyhefu ezisetyenziswa yale mithi. Naxa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuba bachitha ngaphantsi kude. Khawucinge nje: kwiminyaka nje embalwa yokusebenzisa igesi lwemostade phezu kweentloko amajoni batyhileka malunga ne-12 lezigidi zeetoni le ityhefu! Ityhefu eziqatha bafumana abantu malunga 400 amawaka.

Kutheni le nto inobungozi nje

Le into nangoko bafumana igama embi kakhulu naphakathi imikhosi yaseJamani. Qala nesibakala sokuba gas lwemostade (phambi kokuba inguqu kwi imeko sukube, kunjalo) ngokucothayo kakhulu ngumphunga. Lo mmandla, eziye abosulelekileyo iintsuku ezimbalwa obulalayo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa okubi kude ke isiphumo ngayo emzimbeni womntu.

ukusebenza ngokuphawulekayo

Ekubeni igesi lwemostade abe arhente blister, indlela yokungena lokuqala adjudged isikhumba. Esikhumbeni kamsinya kwasekwa amaqamza enkulu yazala ichor bulubhelu kunye ubomvu. abantu abachaphazelekayo baye iimfama, zabona anda lacrimation, hypersalivation (ukwanda izinkcwe), kwakunye neentlungu sinuses. Emva adibane kwiintsali izinto ezithile kwisiqwenga zesisu ukuphuhlisa kakhulu urhudo, isicaphucaphu kunye cramping esiswini.

igesi lwemostade i zinzima kakhulu into yokuba xa tapeworm iimpawu zayo ithamo eliphakathi kungenzeka iiyure kuphela emva-12 okanye ngosuku kamva. Ukuba ingqondo kunye nexesha sesichengeni baba ephakamileyo, wabonakala ugcinwe eziliqela iiyure.

ukulwa ukusebenza UMZEKELO

IsiNgesi White uMajor General ngo-1918, kukhatshwa neqela lamajoni belimele nabenzakeleyo ukusuka lwemostade kwi nguloliwe esibhedlele. Ukufika kwisikhululo elandelayo, kwafuneka eyolanda omnye ibhetshi lamajoni abalimele. Utshilo, elinye lamadindala, akubona ukuba ulibele izinto zobuqu amaxhoba, phakathi kwaba zizibonakude xa yesikhumba eqongeni. Angxamisa ayithimba, uze emva koko axhonywe kwi gumbi lakhe waza waya kulala.

Kwathi kanti, waqhubeka amathontsi ambalwa arhente kwemichiza ityala. Ebudeni busuku wanyamalala. Nokuba umthamo ziyimfeketho ngokwaneleyo kwigosa wabandezeleka umonakalo omkhulu emehlweni. Ngethamsanqa, waba nako ukunyanga, kodwa wathatha (!) Iinyanga ezintathu. Khawucinge nje: ukusuka isibini ngamathontsi indoda inyathelo iinyanga eziliqela. Yintoni sithethe ngayo xa amajoni bazibona phakathi ...

lokufa

Kukholelwa ukuba irhasi lwemostade (sulphur lwemostade) iziphumo kwi-100% yamatyala, ukufa. Ngokuqhelekileyo amaxhoba na wayelikhoboka, nangona kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, i "recovery 'oko kubizwa ngokuba a elula, ekubeni abaninzi zixela elikhulu ubomi bakhe bonke. kwathi gqi Inxalenye enkulu ochaphazelekayo nazo ngokukhawuleza le ngxaki nezifo ezingapheliyo.

Ukuba pair igesi lwemostade nokuba kungomlinganiselo ngcaciso bangene umzimba umfazi omithiyo, ngoko (ngaphandle kwe-ixesha), ukuba phantse i-100% ithuba lokuba azale umntwana kunye ziziphene zemvelo, kusekho kuphuhliso engqondweni nasemzimbeni.

Mathumba, ezo eqalisiweyo kwesikhumba abantu ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni gas lwemostade, baphathwa kakhulu, embi kakhulu. Amaxhoba asoloko ukuba nquma ukuba umlenze ochaphazelekayo zinobukhulu zizilonda iyabhiqiza baqale asongele uphuhliso ekuboleni, ukonakalisa iimveliso ukubola komzimba womntu.

Kwimeko inhalation lwemostade umphunga phantse lonk 'eyenzeka ukufa (90%), kuba imiphunga ibolile phantse kweso, kodwa ukuba umntu uya kusinda, ngoko ke bonke ubomi neza kukhubazeka.

Imiba echaphazela ukusebenza lwemostade

Phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuqalisa ukusetyenziswa igesi lwemostade kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba uninzi ngempumelelo esebenza kwimozulu eshushu neyomileyo. Isizathu kukuba ilula kakhulu: kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu izinga komphunga yomenzeli air imfazwe kakuhle kakhulu, nesikhumba ndibile kakhulu sesichengeni ukuya yityhefu ngakumbi.

Xa amaqondo obushushu degrees 14 Celsius lwemostade ngokukhawuleza iqina. Ngelishwa, kwavela ongeziweyo kungekudala ezizodwa ziye, nto ingeza arhente yemichiza uba ukuzinza okukhulu ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, ukumelana amazinyo ukunyusa ukuze zisetyenziswe naxa ezibandayo kakhulu.

Ngokukodwa, ngaphambi kokuvalwa sayilwa lwemostade umxube, leyo ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise ngempumelelo nkqu Arctic. Indlela yokusebenza ilula: amaqokobhe igesi ukuba umlilo, ngoko ke amathontsi ityhefu omncinane ezilalisa ineempahla nezixhobo yotshaba. Xa abantu beze ngaphezulu okanye igumbi ngaphantsi zifudumeleyo, uqala ngumphunga ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kubangele ityhefu.

Njengoko gas lwemostade yeyona 1 st World nangoku ezingenabungozi, ezingcolisekileyo yokubona kwimozulu ezibandayo uya jikelele kuhlala ziyingozi eminyaka.

Imiphumo ixesha elide

Awu, nokuba kule ityhefu iziphumo igesi lwemostade ayipheli apho. Isibakala sokuba le into enetyhefu kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani umonakalo DNA yomntu. Amajoni, phantsi ukuhlasela imichiza kwi Ypres, hayi ndayibulala. Abanye babo babuyela ekhaya, abaninzi kubo yobudala okuzala. Ipesenti sengozini izifo yemfuza abantwana kunye nabazukulwana babo amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu izikhombisi kunesiqhelo.

gas lwemostade - a carcinogen esinamandla kunye mutagen. E Ypres, apho kusetyenziswa kuqala, kusekho kukho isehlo ukwanda ngumhlaza.

nesimo sangoku

Njengokuba besesitshilo, isiphumo ukusetyenziswa igesi lwemostade na ndothuka kangaka uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngaloo minyaka baqalisa ukuba weva amazwi ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo. Esi sihloko wabuzwa kunye noManyano Lwezizwe, kunye UN, elisuke ezihlangwini zayo. Yiloo nto kuphela emva kokuba ukuxabana olungenasiphelo ngokwemimiselo sele II, uze emva koko uthabathe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo yoniwa.

Kwaba kuphela ngo-1993, emva phantse 100 iminyaka ukususela ukusetyenziswa yokuqala kulwa gas lwemostade, yena, njengabo bonke abanye agents imichiza imfazwe, wavalwa ngokupheleleyo. Okwangoku ehlabathini lonke kuzakuhlala izixhobo zeekhemikhali itshatyalaliswe. Ngokukodwa, akunjalo kwakudala, ummandla Aram washiya irhasi lwemostade lokugqibela. Ityhefu Kungekudala kuza ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo.