Yintoni na isakhiwo iliso ebantwini?

Enye izihloko ezininzi umdla eziphilayo, ingakumbi komzimba womuntu - na isakhiwo iliso. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo Kwaba ngamehlo ezinxulumene iinkolelo ezininzi, iintsomi kunye iintsomi. Kukho ezininzi amazwi kunye nalapho edumileyo: ". Amehlo - kwisipili umphefumlo" Kodwa yintoni na iliso ngokwenene? Onokukuxela izazinzulu ngayo? Ophthalmologists kunye zebhayoloji, anatomists, kukade icangcisiwe ukubo- kwinkqubo mbono yabantu, siye safumanisa ukuba iliso, nangona ubukhulu yayo encinane, iye isixhobo ephucukileyo kakhulu. Yintoni - funda on.

Umbono - oko kungelula

isixhobo abaxilonga nokwakheka ekuthiwa eyodwa. Xa umzimba womntu ngayo linoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba ingcaciso ibonwa ngokuchanekileyo, ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle ukufiphala. Ngenxa data umbono luyasetyenzwa ke idluliselwe ebuchotsheni.

Idatha malunga into kwi ekunene kwi nobuchopho ayihambi ngokusebenzisa iseli semehlo ekunene. Kule nkqubo ababandakanyekayo kwaye luvo optic. Kodwa okuseleyo, wamkela uhlola inxalenye elisekhohlo kwiretina. Ubuchopho bomntu yenzelwe ngendlela yokuba sidibanisa ulwazi ngaphandle ukufiphala, ngaloo ndlela wokusungula umfanekiso opheleleyo yehlabathi jikelele uzibonayo.

isakhiwo amehlo inikeza umbono binocular. Eyes ifomu inzima kakhulu kwinkqubo isixhobo yayo. Kungenxa abantu bakhe amandla siqonde, ukuba ukusebenza data evela ehlabathini ngaphandle. Enye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kule nkqubo - radiation electromagnetic. Oku kusekelwe umbono zabantu.

Ingaba Lusebenza njani?

Ukuba uhlola kwisazobe iliso yabantu, kunokubonwa ukuba umzimba xa lulonke kufana ibhola. Yiloo nto eyabangela amagama bakhe "apile." isakhiwo eye - oko embindini kunye ngeengcamba ezintathu ezilandelelanayo obungaphandle;

• ngaphandle;
• yegazi;
• retina.

amehlo shell

Ngoko ke, ngaphandle kwezinye izakhiwo iso? Inxalenye oneziqhamo ubizwa ngokuba "inwebu". Le ngelaphu, ezinokufaniswa kunye window elijonge ihlabathi ezingqongileyo. Kungenxa ukukhanya inwebu engena inkqubo olubonakalayo. Ekubeni inwebu le khaxa, liyakwazi ukuphoswa kuphela imitha yokukhanya, kodwa refract kubo. Enye inxalenye iliso evela ngaphandle ubizwa ngokuba "sclera". Lo mqobo enkulu ukukhanya. sclera awubonakali efana iqanda ebilisiweyo.

Inxalenye elandelayo, mazifakwe kwi-ekuthiwa-izakhiwo ukukhanya-ethe iso, ebizwa ngokuba choroid. Njengoko sele igama libonisa, oko kwenziwa iimpahla ngalo igazi ancedisana ioksijini ukutya kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nezinto. Iqokobhe uba zinamacandelwana aliqela:

• iris;
• umzimba ciliary;
• choroid.

Kwathi ukuze abantu ukunikela ingqalelo umbala amehlo interlocutor. Indlela apho uya kumiselwa isakhiwo woqondo iso, ezizezi iris: kuba ingqokelela ngombala ethile. Ekubeni inwebu ke iris sikuvumela ukuba ubone omnye umntu, uyakwazi ubone ukuba uza kudibana ntoni umbala amehlo umntu.

Lo mfundi imi kanye embindini iris. It has a imilo ngeenxa, yaye litshintsha ubukhulu, ugxininise kwinqanaba sokukhanyisa. Ngapha koko, mydriasis bachatshazelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo (umz, ukufumana amayeza).

Ukuya emajukujukwini

Ukuba ujonga emva iris, uyakwazi ukubona ngaphambili lwecamera. Kulapha ukuba kukho iindlela ngazo luvelisa uburharha zolwelo. Le nto ehlabathini iliso, ngentlambululo amabakala alo. Xa kwikona bekhamera uye walungiselela uhlobo inkqubo yemibhobho, ekuthe ulwelo aqukuqela ephuma iliso. Kunye ezinzulwini umzimba ciliary kungabonwa umsipha accommodative. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wayo utshintsho imilo lens.

Nzulu namanje choroid. Ubume iliso kudingeka ubukho choroidal emva, kwaye yena u igama entle sonorous. Choroid ke bahlale kunye retina, oyimfuneko nokondliwa eyiyo emzimbeni.

Iqokobhe lesithathu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ubume iliso iquka iqokobhe ezintathu kufuneka uxelele retina. Njengokuba lulandelayo igama layo, i enemingxuma iqokobhe. It ukhandwa iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Eli laphu olunga- phezu engaphakathi iliso kwaye iqinisekisa umbono umgangatho ophezulu, xa besempilweni.

isakhiwo semehlo yenza ukuba umfanekiso aqikelelwayo apha zifumaneka kwihlabathi ngaphandle. Kodwa iindawo ezahlukeneyo umsebenzi inyama eyahlukileyo. amandla esiphezulu ukuze ubone walungiselela macula, oko kukuthi ziko. Oku kungenxa cone ezibonwayo lwetshiphu emsebenzi-mninzi. Idatha ezifunyenwe retina idluliselwe ukuya luvo okhethekileyo, obubonelela ingqondo, apho makenziwe kwangexesha.

Kwaye yintoni ngaphakathi?

Yintoni na isakhiwo iliso babantu, ukuba ujonge lonke ezintathu iqokobhe? iikhamera ezimbini inga fumaneka here:

• phambi;
• umva.

Zombini bazaliswe ulwelo okhethekileyo. Ukongeza, kukho nazo:

• lens;
• vitreous.

Eyokuqala semilo walo ufana lens, khaxa macala omabini. Uyakwazi ukuba refract ekubhobhozeni ukukhanya kudlula kuyo. Ngenxa umsebenzi lens yinto enokwenzeka ingqalelo bomfanekiso umnatha zobuchopho. Kodwa vitreous ukuthi ifana jeli. umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukuthintela zoqhagamshelwano fundus kanye lens.

istili ezinezikhondo and elidibeneyo

Ngokufundisisa isakhiwo ubeko iliso, qala kunye conjunctiva. It is a izihlunu transparent ngaphandle iliso. Yahlanganisa ngeenkophe zakhe ngaphakathi ngaphandle. Ngenxa conjunctiva lweliso lakho ibe ngokuchanekileyo sehla ngaphandle umonakalo.

Ukuthetha ngento umsebenzi wemibutho ejongene iliso, awukwazi singalahlekani esingxobeni ezinezikhondo. Inxalenye wadala ukusuka sclera kwaye ezixineneyo, noqinisekisa ukukhusela umxholo ubuncwane embilwini. Le nkxaso lolwabo, kodwa ngaphambili sikhanya, yaye kuyafana kwiglasi kule wotshi. Esi sigaba kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba ezinezikhondo esingxotyeni inwebu.

Uqweqwe Inxalenye ngaphaya zizityebi iiseli zemithambo-luvo, eqinisekisa ulwazi conductivity. Kwindawo apho sclera kwi ingeniso inwebu, yalityatya ngokwamathambo ekwanti. Xa eli gama bendiqonda zone ingqalelo stem cell. Enkosi kubo, inxalenye olungaphandle iliso singavuselelwa kwakhona ngendlela ngexesha.

eye camera

Egumbini sobuKristu ifumaneka phakathi iris kunye inwebu, ingakumbi engile yayo yaye ngoko nangoko wathi ngasentla uhlelo lokulawula amanzi. Ukuhlalutya ilungiselelo inwebu nobume iliso, obuye kancinane, uyakwazi ukubona lens. Ngoko ayenzi shift ukusuka indawo anatomically echanekileyo, uhlobo ngaphandle kokuba nemisipha mncane. Bona apha ukuba ngaba umbutho umzimba ciliary.

Namagumbi ngaphambili nangesemva zizele ukufuma, apho kungekho umbala. Olu lwelo uyasondla ilens, usinika iyimfuneko ukuze isikolo sisebenze ngala macandelo zesondlo le inwebu. Oku kubalulekile kuba le miba tsibayo yabantu ayinayo unikezelo layo igazi lakhe.

Optics - isakhiwo esimbaxa

umbono Human inikezelwa yi yokuba kukho izakhiwo zokunganyangeki iso. Oku kungenxa ngokukhanya entsonkothileyo inkqubo olubonakalayo sikwazi ukubona ulwazi ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Ngaba ukulungisa imbono kwisithuba ngeenxa zonke kuni, ukuba umsebenzi umntu ngokuqhelekileyo onke amalungu nezihlunu:

• nokuxhasa izakhiwo iso;
• umhlahlandlela ekukhanyeni;
• siqonda.

Xa ukusebenza kakuhle, awukwazi athandabuze ukuba nombono ocacileyo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zale nkqubo optical:

• inwebu;
• lens.

Qaphela ukuba isakhiwo ukukhanya-refracting we iliso ziquka zombini vitreous kunye ukufuma equlethwe egumbini iliso. Ngoko ke, lo mbono iza kuba kuhle kuphela ukuba:

• ngaphaya;
• Iqulethe akukho igazi;
• Abanalo ngelifu.

Kuphela xa idlula kwimitha ukukhanya ngenkqubo, bezifumana kwi retina, leyo ukuyilwa umfanekiso kwisithuba ezingqongileyo. Khumbula ukuba ebonakalisiwe;

• zocaphulo;
• sinciphile.

Ngaloo ndlela eyakhiwe abese luvo kwasekuveleni kungena luvo kwaye idluliselwe ebuchotsheni. Luvo hlalutya ulwazi, esivumela umntu ofumana ulwazi oluneenkcukacha oko eziyingqongileyo kuyo.

Le inwebu - iliso inkqubo into enzima

Ngu izakhiwo ukukhanya-ethe ze iliso zizinto ezahlukeneyo, nakanye omncinanana eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo lowo inwebu. Oku kuyilwa kweentlobo ezintlanu amalaphu:

• epithelium bomphambili;
• plate Reichert;
• stroma;
• Ilaphu Descemet kaThixo;
• endothelium.

Nangona ukuzidibanisa ezintlanu Ebubanzini i inwebu kuphela malunga ndlela. Nceda uqaphele: nangona isakhiwo ukukhanya-refracting ye iliso amakhulu ngayo, i inwebu - oku nje yesihlanu esingxobeni ezinezikhondo oko kukuthi, yinto encinane iseti oluntsonkothileyo.

inwebu nkqo malunga-11 mm, kwaye ububanzi - kuphela ndlela elide. isakhiwo umzimba inika ingakumbi elubala wayo: iiseli eyenza laphu, eyakhelwe ulungiselelo ngqongqo structured. Esinye isixhobo esetyenziswa yi ngemvelo ukwenza i inwebu - ngaphandle imithambo yegazi. Kodwa ke kwalapho apha kakhulu kunene. Ngu izakhiwo ukukhanya-refracting iso izinto izicwili ezimbalwa, kodwa lo mzimba ebonakala ngamandla aphezulu zokunganyangeki, yaye yenye yeendawo eziphambili.

umzimba ciliary

Ngu izakhiwo ukukhanya-ethe iso nayo amacandelo ezenza umzimba ciliary. Le yinxalenye yale choroid, elimele nesabelo salo eliphakathi lilikhulu kancinci babulingana nesandla ngaphezu kwezinye izinto. Ngokweliso umzimba ciliary ngathi irola setyhula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izazinzulu alabe libe imiba emibini:

• semithambo, ezikhandelwa yi imithambo yegazi;
• izihlunu wadala umsipha ciliary.

Icandelo lokuqala kumanya iinkqubo ezingcakacileyo malunga 70 ikwazi ukuvelisa ulwelo ebonelela ngokutya kunye nococo ocular izakhiwo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi, yiya Zinn nemisipha, ngenxa apho ilens ligxile kwi ndawo ngenxa kuye.

Retin njengenye izinto ezingundoqo yenkqubo olubonakalayo

Le komzimba inyama ithathwa njenge-elementi analyzer olubonakalayo. phawu yayo ephambili - ukukwazi ukuguqula ukukhanya ube amaza luvo, ezithi ke ngoko kusingathwa emzimbeni womntu.

Njengenxalenye retina kukho amathandathu layers:

• Pigmentosa (aka - lwangaphandle). Le element iyakwazi ukufunxa ukukhanya, apho isiphumo kwiintsali kwi iliso liyehla kakhulu.
• iinkqubo cell. Iinzululwazi zizibiza zaphatha zazo kunye neentonga. Le nkqubo yenze rhodopsin kunye iodopsin.
• Le fundus ocular. Yeyona nto esebenzayo kwenkqubo olubonakalayo. Ngosuku loviwo ke iliso lakhe ubona zamehlo.
• umaleko yegazi.
• Idiskhi luvo, ebonisa indawo apho luvo lukhupha liliso.
• Le macula, ngalo iqondwa njengaloo nxenye esiqwini, apho lexinene kakhulu aphezulu cone, ukwenza umbono umbala isithuba ezingqongileyo.

Kwaye yintoni uhlobo ulwelo?

Esinalo kakade ngaphezu kanye inyanzelekile ukuba eqhelekileyo yokusebenza iliso ulwelo intraocular otsho egumbini okhankanywe. Abangaboniyo kunye nesakhiwo sayo kakhulu ezifana namanzi acocekileyo. Kodwa ke Ukubunjwa uburharha zolwelo iyafana plasma yegazi. Inika amandla echanekileyo.

Yintoni wakhusela iliso?

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo ubuncwane ndikwabuthathaka, siya ukungabahoyi iindlela ukuziphendulela enikiweyo ngokwemvelo. Inqanaba ophezulu wokhuseleko - eye kwisiseko. It is a yokugcina ithambo. Xa uhlolisisa usikrobana iliso abangaboniyo, kuye kucace ukuba efanayo nonxantathu kunye ibinobuso obune, kodwa kwabonakala ukuba iyekwe phakathi. Phezulu zepiramidi ujonge ukakayi. Ukuthambekela engile - degrees 45. Ubunzulu iliso socket lomntu obumalunga-4 ukuya kwezi-5 cm.

Qaphela: eye socket kakhulu ngokwenene i lweliso lakho. Kuyimfuneko ukuba lamkele apha umzimba amanqatha, kwakunye luvo kunye izihlunu, olujikeleza, eqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle esweni.

Neenkophe - kwakhona isisahlulo isakhiwo iliso

Ngokwesiqhelo umzimba usempilweni, iliso ngalinye nezikhuseli kwiinkulungwane ezimbini:

• asezantsi;
• phezulu.

Banceda ukukhusela inkqubo ethe ekukhubekeni izinto ngaphandle. Wokuvala Neenkophe ibuya engaqondanga, basabela yinto yethutyana nje kuphela ingozi enkulu, kodwa xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo. Iimvalo ukukhusela amehlo xa wayichukumisa.

iintshukumo ukuqhwanyazaemva ukunceda inwebu ezicacileyo ezivela kumacandelo eluthulini. Enkosi kubo, ngokulinganayo basasaze ulwelo iinyembezi. Kuye kwakhona iye yaxhobisa ngeenkophe amashiya uyakhula buthelezi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, baye baba into ebalulekileyo ingqiqo ubuhle bomntu, kodwa uhlobo eyenzelwe ikakhulu ukukhusela kwenkqubo olubonakalayo. Ngenxa isiliya lwalo ziya kukhuselwa ukusuka uthuli nezibi elincinane esinokonakalisa amalaphu noxhamla ubuncwane.

Neenkophe Human - umaleko kunokuba ubhityileyo yesikhumba yakha imibimbi. Ngaphantsi epithelium yi umaleko dystrophy:

• ISetyhula ezinika ukuvalwa;
• ephakamisa isiciko ngaphezulu.

Kodwa ke ngaphakathi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, igcwele conjunctiva.

Njengoko iinyembezi kwakhiwa?

Iinyembezi inkcubeko yabantu kubandakanya ezininzi iimpawu, izithethe, indlela yokucinga. Le ntetho classic liphuhlise kwiinkulungwane ezininzi: "Amadoda Severe Abakhalanga", "Umama shame!". iinyembezi True - lo ngumlinganiselo nje buthathaka engqondweni yomntu? Nature, ukudala izixhobo lacrimal, wafuna ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ezibonwayo, ngoko enyanisweni, akunakuba nako ukufikelela amadoda ukuba bakhale, ngaloo ndlela ezihlambulule nokukhusela amehlo akho.

Iinyembezi zibe ngaphaya amathontsi ulwelo ezithile ezifana ebonisa alkali buthathaka. Ukubunjwa iinyembezi inzima kakhulu, kodwa ke icandelo iqhosha - amanzi acocekileyo. kukhuthaza Eqhelekileyo ngosuku - zomyalelo ngeemililitha. Iinyembezi ukukhusela amehlo kunye uncedo kondla ancedisana, kwakunye njengemboniselo ongcono.

izixhobo Lacrimal kubandakanya:

• glands ukuba ukuveza iinyembezi;
• point of iinyembezi;
• imigudu;
• bag;
• duct.

Iron ukho kwisokethi yayo inxalenye ephezulu udonga lwaso, ngaphandle. Kulapha Obumbe iinyembezi, ngoko kuwa kwiindlela ezinyuliweyo, uze emva koko - kumphezulu ocular. ukufuma Intsalela ihamba phantsi apho le fornix conjunctival enikiweyo.

amanqaku Lacrimal, kukho ezimbini: phezulu nasezantsi. Bobabini - kwikona ngaphakathi, phezu imiphetho iinkophe. Ngabo, iinyembezi imiphantsi ezi engxoweni kufutshane iphiko impumlo, ngoko - ngqo empumlweni.

Indlela yokusebenza kwezihlunu iliso?

Xa uhlolisisa inkqubo dystrophy, kuye kucace ukuba izihlunu amathandathu basebenza emehlweni oluntu. Zahlula-hlulwe maqela alandelayo:

• elibhalwe ngokumileyo;
• ngqo.

Eyokuqala yahlulwe:

• asezantsi;
• phezulu.

Ingqiqo - lo amane aseleyo, abaziwa kwinzululwazi phantsi amagama:

• asezantsi;
• phezulu;
• iziko;
• lateral.

Ukongezelela, i-eye inkqubo iquka iindlela ezikhankanywe ngasentla zokuphakamisa ijwabu leso eliphezulu.

Izifo ezinxulumene nokuphazamiseka kweso kweso

Ngoko kuvela ukuba abantu bahlushwa zizifo zamehlo kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo. Iingxaki zamehlo ezitshutshisa abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihlala njani zentlalo, ubutyebi, imeko zokuhlala, ubuzwe. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, inokuba yinto ehambelana nemfuza, i-ecology okanye ezinye izinto. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphazamiseka kweso isohlwayo:

• Ilungiselelo elingalunganga linye okanye elinye iqela lesakhiwo;
• Inxalenye ebuthathaka kweso.

Ukwahlula izifo:

• Ukubonelela ngokunciphisa ubunzima;
• Izifo ezichaphazelekayo.

Kusuka kwiqela lokuqala apho kukho:

• Ukubona okufutshane;
• Ukujonga phambili;
• Astigmatism.

Iqela lesibini liquka:

• Glaucoma;
• Cataract;
• Strabismus;
• Anophthalmos;
• I-Detachment ye-retina;
• Myodecopy.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho i-myopia kunye nokujonga kwangaphambili. Kwimeko yokuqala, i-eyeball ibonakaliswe ubude obungaphezulu kwesiqhelo. Ngenxa yalolu daba, ukukhanya kukugxilwe, kungekhona ukufikelela kwi-retina. Ngenxa yoko, umntu ulahlekelwa ukukwazi ukubona ihlabathi elikufutshane naye, ngakumbi izinto ezikude. Ngokuqhelekileyo imisela iiglasi kunye ne-diopters engalunganga.

Ukujonga phambili kukuphawu lomfanekiso ochaseneyo. Isizathu sengxaki kukuba i-lens iba inelastic okanye i-eyeball eyehlise ubude. Indawo yokuhlala iyancipha, imibala igxile ngaphaya kwe-retina, kwaye umntu akakwazi ukucacisa ngokucacileyo ezo zinto zisondele. Kule meko, bhala iziglasi kunye ne-diopters ezilungileyo.

Qaphela: iiglasi kufuneka zibhaliswe kuphela yi-ophthalmologist, akuvumelekanga ukunika iilensi okanye iilazi ngokwakho. Ngethuba lokukhethwa, ukulinganisa kwamehlo, ukubalwa komgama phakathi kwabafundi kunye nokuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwe-fundus kwenziwa, kunye nokufumanisa umlinganiselo wokuphazamiseka. Xa uhlalutya yonke idatha efunyenweyo, ugqirha ugunyazisa ukukhetha ezo okanye ezinye iiglasi, kwaye unokukucebisa ukuba wenze umsebenzi okanye ngenye indlela ukulungisa loo mbono.

Kodwa i-astigmatism ayiqhelekanga kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, ingqondo ayinakufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngendawo ejikelezileyo ngenxa yesiphene se-lens, i-cornea, ebangela igobolondo leyaso ukuba lilahlekelwe yimilo yecandelo.