Yintoni biotechnology? The main izalathiso impumelelo

Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni na biotechnology? Ngokuqinisekileyo into ngayo weva. Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo eziphilayo mihla. Waba, ezifana physics, enye yezinto zokuqala kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nenzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha. Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba biotechnology. Noko ke, uMseki ISAZINZULU, owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-19. Biotechnology lifumene negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso ngomsebenzi abaphandi ukusuka France Lui Pastera (iminyaka yobomi - 1822-1895). Yena nguyise zizifo mihla eziphilayo.

, Kule nkulungwane yama-20 liphuhlise ngokukhawuleza yemfuza ezinto eziphilayo kunye inkqubela physics kanye chemistry. Ngeli xesha, le ndawo ibalulekileyo uphuhliso iindlela ngazo ukuhlakulela iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

uphando chaphaza

Ngowe-1980 bekukho ukwanda kuphando biotechnology. Ngeli xesha iindlela ezintsha lwemethodoloji kwaye methodological eziqinisekisa inguqu nokusetyenziswa biotechnology zululwazi practice sele zisekiwe. Ngoku yintoni esinokuyifunda koku big ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Kulindeleke ukuba iimveliso biotech kwafuneka enze ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha, ikota yemveliso yehlabathi.

Umsebenzi owenziwa kwilizwe lethu

Uphuhliso biotechnology Active senzeka ngeli xesha kwilizwe lethu. I-Russian nalo kufikelelwe ukwanda okubonakalayo lomsebenzi kule ndawo kunye nokuqaliswa iziphumo zabo 1980. Kwilizwe lethu ngeli xesha sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye liphumeze inkqubo yokuqala biotechnology apho kwabelwene ngazo nondlunkulu. amaziko ezikhethekileyo kwamasebe, iingcali abaqeqeshwe biotechnologists zidalwe, isebe based and laboratory efunyenwe iiyunivesithi kunye namaziko ophando.

biotechnology namhlanje

Namhlanje enjena kangaka kule ndlela zezi, bambalwa kakhulu abantu azibuze: "Yintoni na biotechnology?" Okwangoku, uyazi ngokweenkcukacha akuyi kuba akufuneki. iinkqubo Modern kule endle zisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni ubuchule amayeza DNA kunye enzayim akasakwazi, organelles okanye iiseli. biotechnology Modern isayensi technologies zobunjineli yeselula kunye genetic kunye neendlela zendalo kunye nesicelo izinto zemfuza aguqulwe zebhayoloji ukwenzela ukuqinisa imveliso okanye uphuhliso iintlobo ezintsha kweemveliso. Kukho iindawo ezintathu ezingundoqo apho ngoku uchaze.

biotechnology industrial

Oku kungenziwa zachongwa ezahlukeneyo biotechnology obomvu (iyeza). Oku kucingwa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo biotechnology. Iya isanda indima ebaluleke gqitha abayidlalayo ekuphuhliseni iziyobisi (ingakumbi, kuba unyango umhlaza). ukubaluleka oMkhulu biotechnology sele kokuxilongwa. Bona asetyenziswa, umzekelo, xa uyila biosensors, chips DNA. E Austria, i-biotechnology ebomvu namhlanje uba ingqalelo kakuhle yayibafanele. She even ingqalelo injini yophuhliso namanye amasebe.

Qubeka kwiintlobo elilandelayo biotechnology mveliso. Le biotechnology eluhlaza. Oku kusetyenziswa xa ukhetho yenziwe. Ngoku biotechnology inikela eli iindlela ezizodwa apho izixhobo ziyaphuhliswa ukuba engxabano imichiza, iintsholongwane, umngundo, nezinambuzane. Konke oku kubalulekile kakhulu, uyabona.

Kuba entsimini biotechnology eluhlaza kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, ubunjineli yemfuza. Nalo yayidalwa zokudlulisa izakhi zenye zezityalo ukuya kwenye, yaye ngaloo ndlela izazinzulu anganefuthe uphuhliso lweempawu ukumelana kunye neepropati.

biotechnology Gray isetyenziselwa ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo. iindlela zayo esetyenziselwa zokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukulungiswa komhlaba, ndicoca umoya zeemoto, ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona.

Kodwa loo nto bonke. Kukho biotechnology emhlophe, nolwenzelwa indawo ukusetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le. iindlela ze-biotechnology kulo mzekelo zisetyenziselwa ekhuselekileyo xa uthathela ingqalelo okusingqongileyo ngayo kunye nemveliso kakuhle enqanda, imithi, acid, iivithamini, ngokunjalo utywala.

Ke ekugqibeleni, iintlobo yokugqibela. biotechnology Blue isekelwe phezu isicelo lobugcisa eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo neenkqubo eziphilayo zaselwandle. Kulo mzekelo, kwiziko uphando - eziphilayo izinto eziphila elwandle yehlabathi.

Yiya elandelayo ulwalathiso - Engineering lweseli.

Engineering yeselula

Oku benza kwimveliso hybridomas, ezinezakhi, ukufunda kweendlela zeselula, "hybrid" iiseli, ukuqulunqa iimephu yemfuza. Qala ekuso iminyaka 1960 xa kukho indlela hybridization kweeseli somatic. Kuye zaguqulwa ngexesha iindlela zokulima, yaye naziphi na iindlela izicwili ekhulayo. hybridization Somatic, apho ibhastile badalwe ngaphandle inxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokwesondo, namhlanje olwenziwe ngokuhlakulela imigca ezahlukeneyo iseli zohlobo olufanayo, okanye ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeseli.

Hybridomas nentsingiselo yazo

Hybridomas, okt kwaqanjwa phakathi lymphocyte (iiseli eziqhelekileyo kwamajoni omzimba) kunye ithumba, kufuneka iimpawu imigca cell lwabazali. Ayakwazi, ezifana nomhlaza, ukwabelana ngokupheleleyo ngumntu amajelo lwezondlo (oko kukuthi, ngaba "awufi"), kwaye kwakhona, ngathi lymphocyte ukuvelisa yohlobo olunye (monoclonal) izilwa ukuba Okukodwa ichaziwe. Ezi zithinteli asetyenziswa iinjongo zokuxilonga ngamayeza nokunyanga, njengoko wezenzi organic izinto ezibuthathaka kunye nabanye.

Enye indawo ye cell engineering ukusetyenziswa iiseli oswele nuclei kunye nuclei simahla kwakunye nezinye iziqwenga. Ezi zazo bancipha yokudibanisa iindawo kwiseli. imifuniselo ezifanayo kunye iidayi okanye microinjection kwi iseli chromosome yenziwa ukujonga indlela kukho icytoplasm kunye isiqalo ezichaphazela omnye komnye, Yintoni ukulawula umsebenzi yemfuza ezahlukeneyo, njalo njalo.

Ukusebenzisa umchiza sikwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso imibungu iseli ezahlukeneyo bazibonise kangaka ngokuba izilwanyana emihle. Kungenjalo, zibizwa chimeras. Ziqulethe iintlobo 2 neseli genotypes ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufumana le amalinge, ngexesha uphuhliso ephilayo lwenzeka umahluko izicwili kunye neeseli.

ngezakhi

biotechnology Modern lee ngaphandle ngezakhi. Imifuniselo ezinxulumene ukutshintshwa eziba ezahlukeneyo iseli somatic ibe enucleated izilwanyana (ngamanye abalwaziyo isiqalo) iqanda kunye nokulima ngakumbi ephilayo omdala ngenxa umbungu sele lwenziwe eminyaka. Noko ke, ukuba bashicilelwe eyaziwa kakuhle kakhulu ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha. Namhlanje simbiza ezinjalo imifuniselo ngezakhi isilwanyana.

Bambalwa namhlanje abantu akazazi Dolly izimvu. Ngowe-1996, kufuphi Edinburgh (eScotland) kwi Roslin Institute amawele esanyisayo yokuqala, leyo wabona iiseli ephilayo omdala iye yenziwa. Yaba Dolly emfutshane yaba clone lokuqala ezinjalo.

engineering genetic

Olwaqalwa ekuqaleni 1970, ubunjineli yemfuza namhlanje yenze inkqubela ebonakalayo. kwiindlela zakhe lokuguqula iiseli mammalian, igwele, iintsholongwane kula "kwimizi-mveliso" ekuveliseni nayiphi protini. Loo nempumelelo inzululwazi kunika ithuba lokuba bafunde ngokweenkcukacha imisebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo iiproteni zokusetyenziswa namachiza.

Imithetho biotechnology ngoku kabanzi. E. coli, umzekelo, iye abe nomthengisi wethu ngexesha ebalulekileyo hormone iihomoni kunye insulin. ijolise zobunjineli genetic Applied ukwakha iimolekyuli DNA sathi. Kunye ukusungulwa izixhobo ethile yemfuza, banakho ukunika umzimba luncedo iipropati zabantu. Umzekelo, uyakwazi ukufumana i 'bioreactor ", okt izilwanyana, izityalo kunye microorganisms Ndivelise into ebalulekileyo pharmacologically abantu. inkqubela biotechnology ziye zakhokelela ekubeni ithuba lokuba zikhe kubangela izilwanyana kunye nezityalo neentlobo kunye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo abantu. Ukusebenzisa iindlela zobunjineli genetic sinako ukwenza isiqinisekiso yemfuza ukudala ugonyo DNA ukuxilonga zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo yemfuza kunye nabanye.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, siye wawuphendula lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na biotechnology" Kakade ke, eli nqaku liqulathe ulwazi olusisiseko kuphela ngayo, izalathiso kancinane kuluhlu. Le nkcazelo yenzelwe isikhokelo inika uluvo jikelele yintoni na biotechnology mihla kuphela nendlela ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngayo.