Komhlaba

inqanaba lamanzi omxhuzulane kumphezulu yokuqala ihlabathi kwindawo yalo yomjikelo akhwifa rhoqo yangoku - i komhlaba. Ahluke ukuba kumphezulu simahla, ngaphezu kwayo kukho uphahla eliqhubekekayo zeengxondorha manzi. Bona ibekwe ematyeni buthathaka kwaye evakalala. Ezinokuzalisa neentanda sedimentary waqinisa, zixelwe okanye igneous, kananjalo ulale neetyuwa koqeqesho. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngokungqinelana kunye nezinto zabo zahlulwa ngeentlobo ezininzi: dama, baqhekeka kunye nakwamanye amazwe. nokudaleka kwenzeka ngenxa nokungena yamanzi aphezu komhlaba kunye kwezulu. INKUNDLA phambi kwabo badla ingqamana ukusasazeka kwe-akhwifa le, amandla oko akwenzeki njalo, kodwa kuxhomekeke kubungakanani unikezelo, umgama ukuya kummandla nokukhutshwa yamatye yamanzi aqulethe, njl

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ube iphambili eyahlula kuzo nokususa, amanzi nzulu - ukunqongophala uxinzelelo. Ziyaphazamiseka iimeko zemozulu: iqondo lobushushu, imvula kunye noxinzelelo, komphunga, njl Kwakhona iye impembelelo ebalulekileyo imisebenzi yezoqoqosho womntu: ukumpontshwa-oli kunye namanzi ukusuka ezinzulwini, ulwakhiwo kwamanzi kunye nezigqeba ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi . Umhlaba nesichumiso / yezolimo, imigodi, njl Ukongeza, iimeko hydraulic zibalulekile: ukutshintsha yokutsala imo, ubonelelo kunye angaphezulu amanzi.

Ulwakhiwo umonakalo aphantsi komhlaba, nemiphumo eyingozi eziphathekayo kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha. Phambi kokuba uqale ekuyileni amaziko kuyimfuneko ukuze enze loo mmandla uphononongwayo, kunye ingqalelo eyodwa ihlawulwe kubukho, uhlobo, imichiza ukubunjwa (ndlongondlongo) aphantsi komhlaba, kwakunye nemveliso amanzi elindelweyo. Ubuvila uzimisele ukunyibilika ngecalcium carbonate yaye kuhlolwe liSebe izidanga zilandelayo: obschekislotnaya, leaching, magnesia, sulphate kunye carbon dioxide.

Kuba uqoqosho lwesizwe, la manzi kubaluleke kakhulu njengomthombo ubonelelo lwamanzi zokuhlala, iindawo zoshishino, njl Bona eziveliswa kwimingxuma ukubhola kunye igcwele luhlalu yokulahla yokudibanisa kunye iigridi ephothiweyo qhina. Yintoni na ke yingozi? Ubukho komhlaba onqanda ekuqondeni iinkqubo zokwakha ngamnye, umzekelo: ezikhethiweyo isiseko, ubukho ibe kumgangatho ophantsi, kwigumbi elingaphantsi, efihlakeleyo, nokuba kwitanki yokubolisa.

amanzi Ground kwigumbi elingaphantsi zinqanda inkqubo kwakusembiwa kuyo, kuba kubeke emhlabeni yaye musa ukuvumela ukwenza zokwakha. Iindonga balahlekelwe ethwele amandla ngenxa yokuba izisele caissons kunye angaphantsi baphenjelelwa xi hydrostatic, yengxinano ilahlekile. amanzi Ground kwigumbi elingaphantsi kakhulu kuchaphazela ukomelela isiseko, yaye ukongezelela, kufuna amanyathelo ongezelelweyo yokhuselo: bodwa ukusuka ukufuma capillary kwinqanaba floor, iindonga yokhuseleko kabini nentlaka ukutyabeka kwi udaka, ugalelwe ngebhitumene ezishushu okanye udaka isamente kunye Ngaphezu gidrozita. Ukususela xi izakhiwo yokhuseleko amanzi bachitha kwimisele isixhobo kunye ukutya namanzi, ngokunjalo naxa nokudalwa iindonga inwebu manzi kunye kumgangatho ongaphantsi.

Ukubekwa inqanaba komhlaba iqala ekufumaneni yamanzi. Endaweni ethe tyaba okanye inxenye oko kunto-nye yonke, yaye xa inqanaba uburhabaxa udlula ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwimimandla ephakanyiswe - in misinga. Kaninzi zisendaweni kumgama-20 m, xa emanzi - 1 m Ukuba amanzi izalisa intsimi misinga nzulu, umgangatho wayo ngaphezu phezu komhlaba .. E yimvula, ukunyuka zabo inqanaba, yaye izikhukula nembalela - lifinyele.

Ukumisela umgangatho omhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwaye ebeka isiseko. Ukususela oku kuya kuxhomekeka ngokuzala ikhono lomhlaba. Ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu, niwuzalise ongaphantsi Akuvunyelwe ngokungqongqo ukuvelisa.