Yintoni na ke ilizwi somculo. Iingoma Key. Major, Minor

Phambi kokuba uhlalutyo sisincoko zomculo ethile imvumi ahlawule kuqala ingqalelo ithoni abalinganiswa abaphambili. Kuba kuchaphazela kuphela ukufunda oluchanekileyo umculo, kodwa ukuthembeka imveliso. An into umdla kukuba Abaqambi abaninzi imibala ukuva yaye bamele imvakalo ngamnye imibala ethile. Ngaba ngengozi eyenzekayo? Okanye ngaba ingqiqo subtle yangaphakathi?

Ingcamango and definition of tonality

Famous mbono B. L. Yavorsky kunye IV Sposobin zibonisa ukuba le-ukunyuka eliphezulu bathuke sikhundla. Umzekelo, ukuba indihlaziya 'ukuya' nendlela "Major", ithowuni iya kuba "C ezinkulu".

Ngendlela emxinwa ngakumbi (ezithile) Ixabiso tonality lomculo - kuba kwakhona inkqubo ukwahlukana esebenza ngayo ubuhlobo kunye nobude ethile. Kuphela eli xesha ngokusekelwe oziqu ulwazi lwezandi. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ngokuvisisana kweenkulungwane 17-19 (classical-zothando). Kulo mzekelo ethile sonke sithethe ubukho tonalities eziliqela inkqubo lwawo. Ezifana umzekelo kunye fourths fifths isangqa, zabo ezinxulumene iqhosha, ngaxeshanye , amagama afanayo njalo njalo.

Enye injongo. Le nkqubo oluneqela ezisembindini yonxibelelwano ophezulu-iyenzeka ukuba umahluko abenemfundo (umohluko). Ukususela naziphi wayo ube ladotonalnost ukusekwa.

Isandi ngenkulungwane ye-16

Umoya okanye ubunzulu umculo ngenkulungwane ye-16 ukho baxakekile. Igama elithi eyaqaliswa ngo-1821, F. A. J. Castillo Blazlom (eyaziwa French theoretical component). Waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa nokusasaza ingqikelelo tonality ku-1844 F. zh. Fetis. ERashiya, lo gama ayisetyenziswa konke konke de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Xa imisebenzi Rimsky-Korsakov kunye Tchaikovsky ukuvumelana ukhwele luchazwa Ayifumaneki. Kuphela incwadi Taneyev "Counterpoint kwi Style olungqongqo", indawo zigqityiwe ngo-1906, esityhilela ukukhanya.

Igama elithi "ithoni" uye iintsingiselo ezininzi. Okokuqala, oko ladotonalnaya inkqubo harmonics-esebenza. Okwesibini, yinto ithowuni esithile somculo. Oko kukuthi, naluphi na uhlobo ethumayo ubude ethile. Ingcamango yakutshanje isandi kutyhilwa ngokugqibeleleyo umsebenzi Karla Dalhauza. Amphathe ngendlela obanzi. Ngokusekelwe nokuzimisela kwayo, kuba kucacile ukuba drevnemodalnaya uncuthu Gregorian - oku sampula lokuqala ithoni. Uphawula ukuba, ukongeza Isingqi-harmonic, ithoni emnandi apho.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili tonality

1. Ubukho a abutment ethile okanye iziko. Kunokuba isandi, usinga okanye into eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo engundoqo.
2. Ubukho umbutho ezithile ubudlelwane obububo, okuhlanganisa ngqo ibe inkqubo ngaphantsi oluneqela elinegunya.
3. A abutment enye, iziko, okanye yonke inkqubo ukuba busisigxina ukuphakama efanayo. Kulo kulandela ukuba ithoni kwi umculo busenza ukuba kukho uhlobo yinye, ibekwe ngeenxa into ethile.
4. Umfana (Major, Minor), nto leyo inikwa ngokohlobo kuvuka kunye ingoma le nkqubo, iyasebenza zabo "ngelaphu."
5. Ezininzi dissonance uphawu: D kunye S kunye Septimia nge wesithandathu.
6. shift ngokuvumelana yangaphakathi.
7. Ethumayo isakhiwo isiseko apho inemisebenzi ezintathu eziphambili ibhuqekile; indihlaziya, lubalaseleyo kunye subdominant.
8. Iifom ezinkulu sisiseko kwezwi.

Mood kunye nethoni e Palestrina

Xa ilizwi classical uyawongamela umthetho-siseko gravitation malunga ziko (indihlaziya). Ngelo ukuvumelana enye modal, kwelinye icala, oko akunjalo. Kukho nje ngaphantsi esikalini. In Palestrina ngokucace mpawu ziphambili zale nkqubo, ungakhathazeki ukuba une maleko ezimbini. It Choral (monodic) subbase kunye litsha yayo noshowo. Xa palestrinskom bakhathazeka Akukho nomdla kuyacaca ukuba i-tonic. Kukho kwakhona uluhlu hlobo. In Palestrina kunika umbutho holistic izandi, amalungiselelo ukuphakama. Akukho cadences, ngokulandelelana, akukho ade aye ustoyu. Oko ngokupheleleyo ukwakha liphethwe na odlayo. Ngoko ke, Palestrina akukho tonality ezifana ezakudala Viennese (Haydn, Mozart, uBeethoven).

evumelanayo Monodic kunye tonality harmonic

Ezinkulu nezincinane ukwindlela par kunye nezinye frets: Aeolian, Corinth, isiFrigiya, ogama wesintu, lokriyskim, UDorian, Mixolydian, kwaye kwisikali ezintlanu. Va tonality harmonic kunye frets monodic - umahluko omkhulu. amandla Key ezinkulu nezincinane azalwa yangaphakathi, umsebenzi, kunye nokuzimisela motion aleleyo. Kananjalo luphawulwa ubudlelwane ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye umda yinye. Konke oku ndingekho frets monadic. Kwakhona abe nomdla ukuya kufikelela indihlaziya, izinga lokuqaqamba yayo. kakuhle uthsintsho kuthiwa yenkqubo ukhwele ibophene wadibana uhlobo yaseYurophu era abacinga ngayo namhlanje. E. Lovinsky waphawula kakuhle ukuba kutshintshwe oku, enyanisweni, imela imbono kubakho ehlabathini, kunye nethoni besini - izigigaba.

Ziziphi imibala abaqambi umnyama "ukupeyinta" ithoni?

ithoni ngasinye kule nkqubo, imisebenzi ethile nje kuphela ubudlelwane olutshintshatshintshayo-harmonic, kodwa ngokwemiqathango color palette. Malunga nalo ulwazi olubanzi kakhulu ngemvelo kunye nombala (umbala kwi ngokoqobo).

Umzekelo, isitshixo "C ezinkulu" ngundoqo kule nkqubo jikelele kwaye igqalwa kakhulu elula, ngoko kubhaliwe zipeyintwe emhlophe. Iimvumi ezininzi, ukuquka phakathi abaqambi enkulu, ngokufuthi wafumana umbala ukuva. A ummeli ocacileyo nokuxoxwa loo migaqo kugqalwa UNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

Umzekelo, isitshixo "E enkulu 'ezinxulumene ngayo ezimbalwa: a umbala oqaqambileyo oluhlaza of birches ispring ezikhanyayo yasemaphandleni. "E caba Major" kuba yena - ukuba ubukhulu becala isandi emnyama lisibekele, leyo zipeyintwe ngobungqola yakhe ithowuni ongwevu-oluhlaza, uphawu iidolophu kunye iinqaba. Ludwig van uBeethoven, waba "B minor" omnyama. Lo mbala ayimangalisi, kuba imisebenzi ebhaliweyo kule iqhosha usoloko izandi kalusizi yaye sel '. Njengoko ubona, imibala azenzeki ngengozi, ukuba zihambelana ngokupheleleyo kusini na nomlinganiswa buchaza somculo. Ukuba utshintsha iqhosha, ngoko iya kuba umbala owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ipateni graphic, amalungiselelo Motets Wolfgang Amadeus uMozart (Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618) sheet Ferenc. Ukususela "D Major," yena transposed yaba "C Major", ngokunxulumene ngayo batshintsha isimbo lomculo, kwakukho iimpawu Romanticism.

Yintoni indima kunye nendawo na isandi somculo?

Ukuqalisa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17, iintlobo tonality imisindo, ingakumbi izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, baba yinto zomculo kunye novakalelo iindlela ezibalulekileyo. ithoni ngamanye amaxesha kakhulu kolu khuphiswano umxholo, yeqonga kunye netekisi. UPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wayekholelwa ukuba undoqo ingcamango umculo ixhomekeke iyangqinelana kwezwi, kunokuba kwi indlela emnandi. Xa ukwakhiwa iifom zomculo ayinakuphikiswa indima enkulu. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa iintlobo yabanzi; Sonata, elibujikele, opera, Rondo kunye nabanye. Phakathi kuthetha ukuba anike kwexeshana nesiqabu, evelele kunazo zezi: a utshintsho ngcembe okanye ngesiquphe ukusuka iqhosha omnye komnye, etshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngokuguquguqula, yokubeka ecaleni izigigaba okungafani. Konke oku kwenzeka sizoku lwisana lokuhlala oluzinzileyo ithoni engundoqo.

tonalities ukuhlobana

tonality eyeleleneyo lo isidanga sokuqala, eyesibini, neyesithathu. Iqela Inombolo elinye inkxalabo yonke taxi zenkqubo diatonic ekhethiweyo okanye kwangaphambili kwelizwi. Fumana kubo kakhulu lula. Oku kufuna ukusuka Isingqi tonic ukufumana subdominant ebalaseleyo. Olu zigaba yesine yesihlanu. Kwakhona babe ukulele zabo ezinxulumene, ezo twatse kubo kumafa ephilileyo. Owesibini degree of relatedness - ithowuni tonic kunye frets alinganayo kodwa ezahlukeneyo (njengoko negama elifanayo). Umzekelo, "C enkulu" yaye "C minor". Gns kocingo, ngokulandelelanayo, kuya kuba ezahlukeneyo. I "C Major 'ukuba azikho, yaye umntwana ezintathu flat.

I-taxi eqela lesithathu kufuneka izixhobo eqhelekileyo (3). Izalamane wesithathu-degree nawo taxi ezimbini twatse kubume wema mgama abanzi ezintathu. Umzekelo, ukuba "C enkulu" yaye "F-elibukhali enkulu." Konke oku lwazi luya kuba luncedo kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha ilizwi le ngoma usebenzisa kwezwi okanye aphambuke.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, lo iseti ithoni uneempawu eziphambili ezibonakalisa umongo walo. Mbono ukuyichaza eyahlukileyo. Kwakhona, izazinzulu abavumelani ukuvuselelwa yayo ukubola. Ukuba abaphandi kunye neemvumi lamazwe Western aseYurophu baye bafumana ekuqaleni (ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14), eRashiya oko yaqala ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kamva. Kungenxa yoko le nto umoya okanye ubunzulu zokuvuma ezakudala Viennese kunye romantics ezahlukeneyo kakhulu koko wayekunye Palestrina kunye winky, Hindemith, Shchedrin kunye nezinye abaqambi 20-21 leminyaka.