Yintoni na le mithetho? intsingiselo

Phendula umbuzo kwemithetho ntoni, omnye isivakalisi akazange. Le ngcamango ebanzi kakhulu, lisetyenziswa kwiindawo ndlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ukuba, ke, ngokubanzi, ukuba ilizwi wabhekisela uxwebhu regulatory, apho imisebenzi ezichazwe ngayo into, indawo yayo, ixabiso, kwakunye nokuthobela ezikumgangatho ethile. Kweli nqaku siza kukunika inkcazelo kombono cinga ngabanye onke amatyala.

Zeziphi imithetho kwezopolitiko kunye namashishini?

Badla ingqiqo ukuya inkcazo kweenkqubo zoshishino, oko ukuchazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Imimiselo - uxwebhu oluchaza yaye idwelisa amanqanaba amanyathelo ekufuneka athathwe yi-nxaxheba (okanye omnye umntu) ukuba isicwangciso ethile ishishini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli xwebhu thaca amaxesha abekiweyo ezifunekayo kwisigaba ngasinye. Kwakhona ezimiselwe iimfuno kwaye amisele imigangatho eyimfuneko. Ngamagama alula, olu xwebhu uhlobo yokufundela ukuphunyezwa msebenzi inkcazelo ecacileyo imiqathango reference.

Xa imeko yezopolitiko imithetho kuthetha iseti yemithetho (isigxina okanye okwethutyana), elawula iintlobo umsebenzi kunye nombutho lwangaphakathi zePalamente enetsheyimba enye okanye Chamber, kwakunye ngobume ngokusemthethweni zamasekela. Imimiselo ezikhethiweyo emagumbini ngokungqinelana nemigaqo kunye nezibonelelo equlethwe kumGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Ngoko ke, le migaqo irhoxisiwe imizimba ngokutsha siseko. Le mbono kwakhona kuthetha isethi imithetho ucacise indlela imisebenzi lwamaqumrhu karhulumente, imibutho kunye namaziko.

Yintoni na imigaqo ukuhamba?

Kulo mxholo, oko kuthetha indlela apho iintlanganiso eziqhutywa, iintlanganiso, ngeenkongolo neeseshoni imibutho okanye amagunya. Umzekelo, neMimiselo ye-Verkhovna rada of Ukraine, neMimiselo ye namagumbi yentlanganiso ye-USSR Ephakamileyo yiSoviet, njalo-njalo. Ukuze kumgangatho inkqubo, kukho ingqokelela ezikhethekileyo kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo iqulathe uluhlu iimeko kunokwenzeka kwaye kwenza mthetho.

Ukongeza koku kungasentla, eli gama libhekisela kwezinye izenzo zamazwe ngamazwe kweenkomfa kunye ngeenkongolo - umzekelo, i-Regulation Brussels.

nezinye iintlobo

Ngoku khawucinge iishedyuli yintoni imveliso. Le mbono uzimisele isenzo elisemthethweni (okanye esinye isixhobo esifanayo) apho simisela uluhlu kweemfuneko yolungelelaniso enqamlezeneyo afunekayo ukuze isicelo kunye nokusebenza. Phantsi kwezibonelelo ziquka iimveliso, izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ekugcinweni, ekuthuthweni, intsebenziswano, ukwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Imbali ummiselo technical baseRashiya

Olu hlobo xwebhu yaba endaweni imilinganiselo ezindala kunye nokusombulula imiba benkqubo yokhuseleko. inkqubo GOST iya kuphelelwa yaye akazange ukuhlangabezana iimeko mihla, kaloku ke, oko ayilandeleki. Ngenxa yoko, isiqinisekiso okugunyazisiweyo yonke imveliso waba Okusemthethweni. izidumbu State inxaxheba kule nkqubo, bakwazi ukufumana naziphi na iziphene. Ke kaloku, njengokuba umthetho, imveliso wegqitha isiqinisekiso ngenxa yokunyotywa.

Le mbono "ummiselo technical" yaqaliswa eRashiya ngo-1996. Ngokutsho olu tshintsho, kuba uchazwa iimpawu iseti wenkonzo okanye iinkqubo ezinxulumene imveliso kunye neendlela zokuvelisa. Kwaye ngo-2003 yaqala ukusebenza umthetho omtsha, owathatha amashumi amawaka iindwendwe abadala kwinani nemimiselo, eshwankathela kwaye ucazulule eliqela kwemiba. Olu xwebhu lukwaquka iimfuno zika, isigama, ukupakishwa, ukuphawula okanye wanikezela ngokupheleleyo kule miba.

(. Emsebenzini, jikelele kunye nabanye) Impendulo jikelele kumbuzo ngemimiselo, ifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuba uxwebhu lwamkelwe ngabasemagunyeni abachaphazelekayo, kwaye iqulathe imithetho olusisinyanzelo komthetho.

iimpawu ezithile

Impendulo umbuzo wokuba yintoni le mimiselo esemthethweni, ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, oku kubangelwe ezichaphazela yombutho, esithi uxwebhu. Ngezantsi, siya kukunika inkcazelo eqhelekileyo. imimiselo esemthethweni ebizwa uxwebhu olumisiweyo esicacisa ngongoma zilandelayo ukuba umqeshwa:

- iimfuno emfundo ulwazi kunye nezakhono ezifanelekileyo kwinqanaba nohlobo sikhundla, njengoko ibandakanya inkcazo imfundo olwaneleyo namava;

- amagosa amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi, inqanaba uxanduva komsebenzi engafanelekanga (ukusilela) imisebenzi eyabelwe;

- uluhlu lwemiba ukuba umqeshwa unelungelo lokugqiba ngokwabo;

- uluhlu lwemiba ukuba umqeshwa kulindeleke ukuba enze;

- Inkqubo kunye ngokwemiqathango ingqwalasela iiprojekthi, iinkqubo ukuze kwamkelwe nokuphunyezwa iinjongo;

- Inkqubo leendibano ezisemthethweni;

- sisalathisi se ngempumelelo kunye nocikizeko nomsebenzi ngobuchule umsebenzi othile.

Olu hlobo kuMgaqo kunceda ukwenza olufanelekileyo ukhetho, nokubekwa nitrogen isakhelo, ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwabo emsebenzini. Kwakhona igalelo kuphuculo kwisahlulo lwezobuchwepheshe yaye zisebenza ngemigudu phakathi abangaphantsi kunye nabaqeshi babo. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya iziphumo zemisebenzi umsebenzi.

imithetho jikelele

Ngoku cinga ukuba yintoni na imimiselo ngokubanzi. It is a uhlobo imimiselo inkonzo yoluntu ukuba abahlali. Yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1720. Eli phepha ize nenkqubo yolawulo amaxwebhu amaziko uhlobo olutsha - iibhodi. Ngokutsho iMimiselo Jikelele ukumisela umyalelo ingxoxo lwemiba e panels, umbutho ukuhamba, ubudlelwane kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kunye Yeengwevu. Olu xwebhu uphulukene ukubaluleka kwayo emva kokupapashwa ngo-1833, uludwe lwemithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Kweli nqaku siza kuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni le mimiselo yaye ingqalelo uhlobo ngalunye esisemthethweni.