Yintoni gama ntetho? isigama lwegrama

Eli nqaku lichaza nezimaphambili ezingundoqo, noqhuba kwigrama IsiNgesi. La magama yanikwa kwisikhundla kuqala yokuqala. Okokuqala inika amalungu kunye struture jikelele ochazwe kuthelekiswa umyalelo igama eqhelekileyo. Kwakhona, khumbula ukuba nepovestvovatelnye zokwakha ( 'irrealis izimo'), ezifana Akubuya umbuzo ( 'mood zogxininiso'), izicelo kunye imiyalelo ( 'mood kubalulekile'), izivakalisi olunemiqathango ( 'izivakalisi olunemiqathango'), etshintsha rhoqo isakhiwo sesivakalisi . Xa inversion isivisa (okanye inxalenye isivisa) uba phambili nezifundo. Kwakhona amanye amalungu olungephi ukuya kwindawo yokuqala ngokuthatha kwi rematicheskoy indima. Oku akusebenzi kule kwingcaciso, njengoko asixhomekeki nasiphi na isigwebo, kodwa ngqo izibizo.

Igatya, ezilula edityanisiweyo (isiseko zegrama, ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo isigwebo)

Modern zombuzo IsiNgesi kulingana ngexabiso Russian, nangona linamanqaku eqhelekileyo. Inyaniso yokuba inkqubo yemveli eboniswe izinto ezifanayo kwiimeko epraktikhali siziphathe ngenye indlela eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi ngokufutshane ukuchaza imiqathango ngokwegrama IsiNgesi ngaphandle isikhonkwane nzima inkqubo yokuhlela Russian.

'Lesivakalisi' - wosondeza iseti yamagama eziqulathe ingcamango epheleleyo kakhulu.

'Rhema' - kaRemaliya, inxalenye uzakuwushiya ungajongwangwa, eyenzelwe ukuba aveze ingcaciso elikhethekileyo ngokwesiseko ebalulekileyo, ke ngoko, ngenxa yokuba oko umyalezo isaziso (okanye ebhaliweyo).

'Theme' - inxalenye zezenzi, sikhonza isakhelo equlathe i theorem kunye kakuhle eyaziwa okanye zingakuchaphazeli undoqo inkcukacha siganeko.

'Igatya' - inxalenye yesigwebo equlathe isenzi ngokuqhelekileyo eliguqulelwa ngokuthi njengesiseko ntetho.

'Isigwebo Composite' - isindululo esimbaxa equlathe eziliqela 'amagatya' ( «iziseko zegrama"), ukwabiwa oluneqela yohlulwe:

• lijongene izahlulo interchangeable - 'izivakalisi Compound' (slozhnosochinennye);
• lijongene iiyunithi ixhomekeke naphantsi - 'izivakalisi Complex' (Compound).

Ngaphezu koko, kuxhomekeka kubukho amalungu, kukho ibinzana yegrama ezifana 'isigwebo non-eyandisiweyo' (bid Sitha) kunye 'isigwebo eyandisiweyo' (common).

Amalungu izivakalisi non-eyandisiweyo (amalungu Non-Proliferation-NMMU)

'Isigwebo Non-eyandisiweyo' - isindululo Sitha iqulethe kuphela imiqathango iphambili oluza: yesifundo kunye / okanye vavisa.

'Nesivisa' - isenzi, igama zegrama ukuba isenzi olufanelekileyo onke amacandelo oluncedisayo - 'nesivisa elula' (ezilula) ukuya isivisa Multiple - 'nesivisa esimbaxa' (complex).

'Isivisa somlomo' - njengesivisa compound eliquka yezenzi eziliqela.

'Ibinzana Isimaphambili' - inxalenye olutyunjwe isivisa ngegama, ngokuqhelekileyo wavakalisa njengesibizo okanye isimelabizo.

'Subject' - isifundo - term lwegrama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela kulengxoxo engundoqo ( 'Impikiswano') nesivisa inokuchazwa phantse kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yokuthetha okanye ibinzana. Kule indima isinyathelo 'igatya'. Isondlo, e IsiNgesi kufuneka thaca isindululo ubuncinane kwi ngendlela esesikweni 'Kwenzeke, kodwa abasebenza ngayo, ngokufuthi lishiyiwe.

Amalungu izivakalisi eyandisiweyo (amalungu zesindululo common)

'Isigwebo ezandisiweyo' - twa ibhidi yenziwa ngaphandle yesifundo kunye / okanye nesivisa amalungu aphezulu kakhulu ezifana, ngokomzekelo, Ukongeza, into isigqibo.

'Into' - Ngaphezu. Ukongeza ngqo ( 'into ethe ngqo') kunxulumene ngqo nesenzi wathi phezu kwabo / ngaphezu okanye apho intshukumo luyenziwa.

'Izibaluli' ( 'njengesongezelelo') - kweemeko. Nenye intsingiselo, ichaza iinkcukacha imeko ziganeko, ezifana ixesha, indawo, isizathu olwandulela baphicothwa iimeko mzuzu kunye neziphumo.

'Uphawu' - .. Ukuzimisela, elizifumana indawo yayo kwisicatshulwa, kungakhathaliseki kumbutho, okt indawo ubukhulu becala isuke ilizwi layo, hayi amagama imigangatho-order kwisivakalisi.

'Nz-magama' - amagama umbuzo okanye amagama asetyenziswa ukuvelisa imiba ezizodwa nezakhiwo efanayo.

Zizilabalabi amagama uw-magama

'Amazwi senzi' - zizilabalabi (ukuvulwa) igama elithi (hayi mazingabhidaniswa ziintsiza-senzi).

'Nz-magama' kwaye 'amazwi senzi' bakutshelwe ziqwalaselwe zodwa, ngaphandle kokucacisa indlela isivakalisi.

Zishwankathelwe ngezantsi Tables kolwimi. inxalenye enye (phezulu) ihlanganise isivakalisi, enye (ngaphantsi) - iinxalenye zentetho.

Amalungu speach (izigaba zentetho)

Negrama gama ithetha uluhlu lwemithetho imisebenzi morfemoobrazovaniya kunye ingqalelo indlela apho amagama ichazwa kwiklasi ethile. Amalungu speach - iindidi amazwi, ezidla ukubiza uluhlu ethile iingqiqo. Umzekelo, izichazi abonisa umqondiso izinto ezinzulu, kunye nezimelabizo zisetyenziselwa ngqo ukubhekisela kwezinye izigaba zentetho. Yabelana evulekileyo ( 'open') kunye ezivaliweyo ( 'ivaliwe') iqela izigaba zentetho.

Amaqela Vula (group ivuliwe)

'Amaqela Open' - term zegrama kwiqela rhoqo kwakhona. amagama amatsha kuvela ngokongeza izimaphambili kunye nezimamva, ngokuthi ngokudibanisa iingcambu zemfundo kwezinye izigaba zentetho, ngokuboleka kwezinye iilwimi, ukuvela amagama amatsha kunye namagama, kwakunye nje bazivelela kweelwimi kumazwi ezikhoyo ukwaluphala.

'Izibizo' - izibizo, yokuvakalisa into okanye nesenzeko, kwaye kumanqanaba angafaniyo ukuzimela ukusuka ezifanayo amagama, ngaphandle kokuba iimpawu ukusetyenziswa amanqaku kunye zokungahambisani imithetho aluchaphazeli syntax zabo.

'Sento' - izenzi. Ethetha isenzi njengenxalenye engundoqo isivisa uyakwazi ukubona kota lwegrama 'isenzi ophambili (intsingiselo isenzi), izenzi aseleyo zigcinelwe kwaye zinxulumene ngakumbi kwiqela evaliweyo:' isenzi modal '(isenzi engamampunge kunye nentsingiselo lotshintsho) kunye' isenzi auxuliary '( isenzi abancedisayo), kusetyenziswa ukwenza ixesha-ntathu, mortgage kunye nezakhiwo ayamileyo, kwakunye iintlobo 'tento' - 'isenzi ikhonkco' (ikhonkco-isenzi), isetyenziselwa ukubonelela yomlomo ulinganise (ngokulinganisa) nesivisa. Xa 'isenzi yekhonkco' yeyona isenzi kuphela ngokusekelwe lwegrama, loo nto ithathwa engundoqo, 'isenzi esikhulu'.

iintlobo zezenzi:

- 'ifomu esisiseko', ifomu esisiseko (okanye "nethi ngaphandle 'ukuya'», 'nethi wayizalela '), okanye nje uhlobo nesenzi kweli langoku nale;

- 'esithi' (nethi);

- '-s'-form, nto leyo Lonakele kweli kwixesha elingenammiselo umntu wesithathu isinye;

- Mandulo Nanini esbnzyo - uhlobo isenzi kuthatha ixesha ncam ngaphambili (izenzi rhoqo enza imveliso yawo ophela 'ed', kwaye nokubi kunokubonwa kumhlathi wesibini etafileni yezenzi irregular);

- 'ebelidlula I' okanye 'ebelidlula langoku' - ebelidlula langoku, isenzi ukuba ukuvalwa ifomu kongezwe 'mba;

- 'ebelidlula II' okanye 'ebelidlula edlulileyo' - ebelidlula elidlulileyo, elijongeka ukuba izenzi rhoqo ukuvalwa njengokudibanisa 'ed', nangenxa ezingachanekanga - umhlathi wesithathu etafileni yezenzi engagunyaziswanga;

- 'gerund' - gerund, okuhlanganisa iimpawu yesibizo kunye nesenzo.

'Izichazi' - izichazi va isalathiso lesibizo ibe yinxalenye intloko nesivisa okanye nokuzimisela.

'Izihlomelo' - izihlomelo badla zityhila iinkcukacha intshukumo, kodwa kwakhona jonga isindululo xa iyonke, ngokufuthi kwenza undoqo iimeko.

Amaqela ezivaliweyo (group ivaliwe)

'Amaqela Valiwe' - amaqela izigaba zentetho, inani leeyunithi apho, njengokuba umthetho, isoloko okufanayo. Njengoko ngaphandle ezinqabileyo, morpheme entsha idale amaqela elivulekileyo ngeendleko yotshintsho kwamagama akhoyo, xa igrama luhlaziywe kunye nokuphuculwa.

'Izimelabizo' - izimelabizo.

'Sakhiwo' - izalathandawo.

'Conjunctives' - zabasebenzi.

'Senjongosenzi' - amagama zokwalatha. Yahlulwe 'amasuntswana' - amasuntswana, kwaye 'manqaku - amanqaku.

'Ukusebenzisa iindidi zesigama' - Ukusebenzisa iindidi zesigama.