Yintoni radon? Icandelo iqela 18 ka ngamaxesha etafileni imichiza D. I. Mendeleeva

Xa ngokukhanya uphuhliso olukhawulezayo iingcali zenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe baye bavakalisa inkxalabo malunga yokungabikho kococeko radiation ze phakathi kwabantu. Iingcali ukuqikelela ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo "ngokungazi zeradiyoloji" kunokubangela usongo ngokwenene kuluntu emhlabeni.

Umbulali Silent

Ngenkulungwane XVΙ oogqirha yaseYurophu zidida yokufa engaqhelekanga yesifo semiphunga phakathi kwabasebenzi zam, ukuvelisa isinyithi, isiseko isinyithi kunye nesilivere. isifo Mysterious eyaziwa ngokuba "kwendawo", hit mgodini ngaphezulu amahlanu ngaphezu umntu avareji esitratweni. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, emva kokuba kwafunyanwa radon, luthatyathwa unobangela nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwe mgodini umhlaza wemiphunga iJamani kunye Czech Republic.

Yintoni radon? kuphela ukuba ngaba nefuthe elibi emzimbeni womntu? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, kufuneka bakhumbule imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa nesifundo lwesi sakhi twisisaka.

Emanation - lithetha "wokugqiba"

Radon uthathwa novulindlela yamachiza IsiNgesi Ernest Rutherford. It ngamnyaka 1899 kwacaca ukuba nemixube esekelwe thorium enzima ngaphandle α-amasuntswana ayikhuphi igesi enemibala emihle, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba nokwanda yemisebe lokusingqongileyo. Komphandi wachaza emanation isityholo kwezinto thorium (by emanation (lat) -. Wokuphelelwa) waza unyulo unobumba drive Em. emanation efanayo kwachazwa ngokuthi Radium. Kwimeko yokuqala, ikhala ngendlela negesi thoron, elinesibini - radon.

Kwixesha elizayo, sibe nako ukubonisa ukuba iigesi abo atom le element entsha. Yiqaqambise kwimo yayo enyulu okokuqala ilawulwa wemithi Scottish, kaNobel (1904) uWilliam Ramsay (kunye Vitlou Grey) ngo-1908. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu element lokugqibela igama ntshunxekile radon kunye neempawu YE.

Yintoni radon?

Xa periodic itheyibhile imichiza D. I. Mendeleeva radon na iqela 18. Ine- z zenani = 86.

Zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo okhoyo radon (ngaphezu kwama-35, kunye neenombolo ubunzima ukusuka 195 ukuya 230) ezi radioactive yaye bamele yingozi ebantwini. Kwindalo, kukho iindidi ezine athom le element. Bonke bephela ziyinxalenye yendalo radioactive series actinouranium, thorium neyuranium - Radium. Ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo amagama abo yaye ngokwesithethe zembali, ubizwa emanations:

• anemone - actinon ²¹⁹ DB;
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron YE;
• Radium - radon ²²² YE.

Kugcine luphawulwa uzinzo liphezulu. Isiqingatha-ubomi of radon ²²² YE - Iiyure 91,2 (iintsuku 3.82). Ngexesha abambe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eseleyo urhulumente ulinganiswa imizuzwana kunye kwimizuzwana emininzi. Xa ukubola kunye ukukhutshwa α-amasuntswana ezikhandelwa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ಪೇನ್ ipheyini. Hi ndlela leyi, kuphononongo zezazinzulu radon yokuqala adibene iintlobo ezininzi-athom kule nto ngokuthi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yaye kamva (ukusuka lesiGrike eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "zilingana", "efanayo").

iipropati Physical nemichiza

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, radon - igesi into enemibala kwaye ayinavumba, ogama ubukho unako kumiselwa kuphela izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Density - 9,81 g / l. Ingaba esisinda (umoya Ikhaphukhaphu amaxesha 7.5), i zazenziwe yaye eyona ndleko iphezulu kuzo zonke iigesi ezaziwayo iplanethi.

Kuyinto enyibilikayo emanzini (460 ml / l), kodwa radon ukunyibilika iphezulu kakhulu-oganikhi khompawundi. Oku kunesiphumo fluorescence okubangelwa radioactivity eliphezulu zendalo. Elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente sukube kwaye ulwelo (kubushushu ngezantsi -62˚S) chweba oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, crystalline (ngezantsi -71˚S) - emthubi okanye-orenji-obomvu.

abalinganiswa lwemichiza radon ngenxa yelo yalo iqela egalelwe ( 'nengqondo ") igesi. Waziwa yi sokungamelani imichiza mpilo, fluorine kunye nabanye halogens.

Kwelinye icala, umongo element ezingazinzanga ingumthombo amasuntswana amandla aphezulu ezineempembelelo izinto ezininzi. Ukuboniswa kwezinto radon kukhokelela amabala zeglasi kunye imveliso yephondo, abole amanzi oksijini, hydrogen kunye ozone utshabalalisa iparafini kunye vaselina, njalo-njalo. D.

Ukufumana radon

Ekwahluleni Isotope radon skip phezu kwento ngokwaneleyo equlethe Radium ngeendlela okanye omnye, umoya umlambo. Uyondelelwano lwee- igesi jet iza kuchatshazelwa yi imiba emininzi emzimbeni (ukufuma, ubushushu), isakhiwo crystalline mbandela, ukwakheka, porosity, ngokufanayo, yaye ziyahluka ukusuka amaqhezu ezincinane ukuya kwi-100%. Ngokuqhelekileyo izisombululo zisetyenziswa Radium chloride okanye ibromide zehydrochloric acid. izinto eziqinileyo misindo zisetyenziswa kakhulu alufane, nangona oko radon ivelele ngakumbi.

Umxube gas engumphumela lingadlulanga umphunga wamanzi, ioksijini kunye hydrogen, ngokugqithisa igridi sobhedu eshushu. Amasalela (1/25000 umqulu original) u incitshisiwe umoya elulwelo kunye ubumdaka abafundi umsebenzi zisusiwe kule nitrogen condensate, helium, kunye neegesi amanene.

Ukuze wazi: wonke kulo elimiweyo liphela, zibe unyaka wavelisa nje ezimbalwa neshumi iisentimitha cc kule radon imichiza element.

Distribution endalweni

Eziba Radium, nto leyo yimveliso ngokucandeka of radon yona akhiwa kuwohloka uranium. Ngoko ke, lo mthombo uphambili radon - yemihlaba kunye neeminerali eziqulathe uranium kunye thorium. Ukufumaneka kakhulu kwezi zinto e igneous, ngentlenga, nemetamorphic, shales mafic. igesi Radon ngenxa inertia yabo ngokulula ishiya izimbiwa yikristale emkhusaneni kunye mgodini kunye neentanda kolu qweqwe lomhlaba ngokulula kwandiselwa imigama emikhulu bemi ngaphandle emoyeni.

Ukongeza, komhlaba mizhplastovi amanzi loo uhlobo ngokulula befumile radon. Radon amanzi kunye neempawu zayo ezithile ezisetyenziswa ngumntu elide phambi kokufunyanwa element.

Ngumhlobo okanye utshaba?

Nangona amawaka amanqaku ezenzululwazi nezaziwayo ebhaliweyo ngale igesi radioactive, impendulo elula lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na radon yaye yintoni na nokubaluleka kwayo eluntwini?" kunzima. Phambi kokuba abaphandi mihla iingxaki ubuncinane ezimbini. Eyokuqala ukuba osentsimini radiation radon kwinto ephilayo oko kukuthi into eyingozi luncedo. Okwesibini - ukungabikho ethembekileyo lokurekhoda esweni iindlela. Okwangoku radon detectors ezikhoyo emoyeni, nkqu yeyona mihla and sensitive, xa imilinganiselo ngokuphindaphindiweyo unako ukuvelisa iziphumo abafani izihlandlo eziliqela.

Ngocoselelo, radon!

Ithamo ezingundoqo radiation (70%) kubomi umntu enentsholongwane ngokusebenzisa inkqubo atom zendalo, kuquka izikhundla leyo ilungu radon igesi enemibala. Kuxhomekeka Indawo esikuyo isakhiwo zokuhlala, "igalelo" wayo ube ukusuka-30 ukuya kuma-60%. A imali rhoqo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezingazinzanga into eyingozi apha emoyeni olulungileyo lugciniwe ekungeneni rhoqo kwingxelo zomhlaba. Radon na ipropati krakra ukuba yande Izakhiwo zokuhlala zoluntu, apho eyavela kunganyusa nge amashumi amakhulu amaxesha. Kuba ingozi yempilo yabantu ayikho kangako irhasi radioactive njengoko ezineeathom yovukelo ಪೇನ್ ipheyini Po ²¹⁴ no Po ^218, evela ekungafuneki yayo. Bona zibanjwa ngokuqinileyo emzimbeni, eziphembelela iyingozi lwangaphakathi α-radiation kwi kwithishyu.

Ukongeza sihlaselwa abanesifuba of Ukuphelelwa kunye karhulumente edakumbisayo, isiyezi kunye uqaqanjelwa, oko igcwele kunye nophuhliso umhlaza wemiphunga. Iqela risk ibandakanya abasebenzi kwimigodi uranium kunye nezityalo esikrwada-ukunxiba, mlilo, abemi radonoterapevty kwiindawo ezihlelelekileyo kunye avela phezulu radon umhlaba ngamandlakazi kunye namanzi nokususa, Spa radon. Ukuchonga iindawo ezinjalo akhawunti ngenxa imephu umngcipheko radon usebenzisa iindlela zejoloji nemitha-nesempilweni.

Ukuba uqaphele: kukholelwa ukuba sesichengeni radon kuye kwabangela ukufa ukusuka umhlaza wemiphunga ngo-1916, umphandi Scottish uWilliam Ramsay nesiqalelo.

iindlela zokhuseleko

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, elandela umzekelo abamelwane Western kwakufuneka isiganeko antiradon baqalisa asanwenwa amazwe awayesakuba ico. Kwakukho imithetho (SanPiN 2.6.1., Le joint venture 2.6.1.) Xa iimfuno ezicacileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwimitha yabemi.

Amanyathelo eziphambili wokhuseleko gas lomhlaba kunye nemithombo yendalo radiation ziquka:

• Ifakwe kwi yomdongwe ixhelelwe komhlaba imigangatho yeplanga monolithic slab eziphathekayo kunye nesiseko macadam ukuba zingangenwa oluthembekileyo.
• Ukubonelela oluphuma umoya elingaphantsi nesithuba kwigumbi elingaphantsi, umoya kwezakhiwo zokuhlala.
• Amanzi aqukuqela ekhitshini izindlu zangasese, kufuneka phantsi lokucoca okhethekileyo, kwaye amagumbi ngokwabo baxhotyiswa izixhobo zeemoto ngenkani.

Radiomeditsina

Yintoni radon, ookhokho bethu wayengazi, kodwa mahashe nobuqaqawuli of Genghis Khan waphilisa amanxeba abo imithombo yamanzi Belokurikha (zeAltai), okroqiweyo nale gesi. Into yokuba microdozes radon kunempembelelo entle amalungu oluntu zibalulekile kunye nenkqubo luvo. Ukuboniswa kwezinto amanzi radon ikhawulezisa imetabolism, sivumele kwinyama ezonakeleyo lulama ngokukhawuleza, umsebenzi intliziyo eqhelekileyo kunye nokuhamba kwegazi, kuqinise imithambo yegazi.

imimandla Resorts entabeni eCaucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Vary), Germany (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) awayifumana elide udumo kakuhle yayibafanele kunye ukuthandwa. amayeza Modern ngaphandle iibhate radon inika unyango ngohlobo lokunkcenkceshela, inhalation, phantsi kweliso elibukhali lika liyincutshe efanelekileyo.

Inkonzo abantu

Ububanzi igesi radon ayiphelelanga amayeza enye kuphela. Ukukwazi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo i element of adsorption sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi izinto kuba umlinganiselo weqondo nonuniformity ngayo imiphezulu intsimbi kunye ubuciko. Ekuvelisweni kweti i-zentsimbi kunye iglasi radon yenzelwe ukulawula ukuhamba iinkqubo. Ngayo, ithwalwa ngokusebenzisa iimaski kunye nokukhuselwa yemichiza ukuvuza.

Xa Geophysics, yokuma kunye neendlela ezininzi zophendlo kunye lokufunyanwa zezimbiwa kwaye ores radioactive zisekelwe kuphando lwe radon. Ngokutsho kwindlela ekwakugquba ngayo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radon kwi Umhlaba kugwetywa permeability kwanokuxinana akheke emaweni. Radon esweni imeko ukhangela ethembisa ngokwemiqathango yokuqikelela iinyikima elizayo.

Kuyathenjwa ukuba neziphumo ezibi radon uluntu nangoku ukumelana kwaye element radioactive iya kuzisa abantu kuphela iinzuzo behlabathi.