"Zadonshchina": kunyaka kwendalo. iincwadi yamandulo Russian le XIV - XV eminyaka

Injongo yeli nqaku - ukunikezela ulwazi malunga ezikhumbuzo ezinjalo enkulu uncwadi Old Russian, njengoko "Zadonshchina". Unyaka indalo, umbhali, compositional kunye neempawu zobugcisa - yonke le mibuzo, siza kuxoxa nawe.

iimeko zembali

Ngowe-1380, isiganeko wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi kuphela Russia kodwa ihlabathi liphela. Oku kubhekisela kwedabi Kulikovo, apho AmaTatar boyiswa. Esi siganeko kanye nabo bonke ukuphelisa amarhe malunga invincibility yotshaba, naseRashiya nethemba Polar lokuhlangulwa kwidyokhwe iminyaka emininzi. Wawusebenza kwakhona njengoko njengomqathango wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa i seLizwe kumbindi eMoscow, nto leyo ephawulwe nasekuthwaseni lukarhulumente elizayo. Ngoko ayimangalisi kutheni usindiso olukhulu uzipapashe kangangokuba ezinqabileyo boncwadi ngamaxesha amandulo. Abaphandi bathi Kulikovskiy umjikelo, ebandakanya imveliso umdla kuthi.

"Zadonshchina": unyaka kusungulwa, ulwazi jikelele

lesikhumbuzo ezukileyo uncwadi, indalo ngobuciko kakhulu ... The ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa sokunyaniseka "Words ..." - zonke ezi mpawu isebenza ibali emkhosini osihloko sithi "Zadonshchina". Yabhalwa ngubani na - indawo moot, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba isonjululwe. Kukho amacebiso ukuba umbhali Sofony Ryazantsev. Eli gama ikhankanya okubhaliweyo "Zadonshchina" kunye neminye imisebenzi - 'ezimnandi zika Mamay ". Olunye ulwazi Ryazantsev abahlalutyi zoncwadi abanalo. Kodwa gama layo libonisa ukuba Sofony wadala lesikhumbuzo abanye esekhona zoncwadi. It yakhokelwa yaza umbhali ayaziwa, ukususela ngenkxola yabantu apho wafika "Zadonshchina". Unyaka ukudalwa emkhosini ungaqinisekanga ibali (oko akumangalisi ukuba uncwadi Old Russian). Oku kubonisa oku: product impendulo ngqo kwiziganeko, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ukudalwa "Zadonshchina" iwela kumgca-imi- 80-90 kwinkulungwane XIV.

Story thaca uluhlu ezintandathu. Le yokuqala, esekhona, abaphengululi baye yomhla we-1470 minyaka mi. elinye igama layo - uluhlu lwe Euphrosyne. Lobeko imele ukuncitshiswa umbhalo yokuqala ende kwaye tivela inani elikhulu iimpazamo, igqwethwe okanye ezingenziwanga. Hi ndlela leyi, kuphela uluhlu Euphrasinia wasebenzisa igama elithi "Zadonshchina". Unyaka lwakhiwe version kakhulu kamva ibali kwakhona ayifakwanga na (malunga ngenkulungwane XVII), kwaye kukho imveliso kuthiwe "I Tale of ... Prince nguDmitry Ivanovich". Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo zonke ezinye ezahlukeneyo ze lesikhumbuzo boncwadi. Kwakhona nesiphene, kodwa ukuvumela nabagxeki zoncwadi ukuyilandelela umbhalo wokuqala.

Ukubunjwa nesakhiwo

Kukuzukiswa uloyiso amajoni Russian phezu utshaba - ulwandlalo iyelenqe uye "Zadonshchina". Umbhali ke sithathe isigqibo esibonisa oku kunye "uLizwi ...", kodwa Ngokubhekiselele lesikhumbuzo omkhulu sicacisiwe hayi oosinga iimfama yokubeka ecaleni ngabom ngexesha lamandulo nelangoku (hayi ubabalo kwisizwe esixelwe mva). Ukukhankanywa "Words ..." kwenza kucace ukuba inkcaso kuphela kwiinkosana kukhokelele intlekele emhlabeni Russian. Kodwa oko ngaphambili, ngoku liyifumene uloyiso phezu bahlaseli. Phindisela ne "uLizwi ..." afumaneka kwinqanaba iindlela ngamnye (transfer ngesiquphe umbalisi ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye), kunye nezinto iyelenqe. Umzekelo, nguDmitry Donskoy endleleni kwelanga phambi edabini - ngoko uthetha "Zadonshchina". Umbhali we "Words ..." (ngokuzenzekelayo, kwakhona ngagama) ikhankanya umnyama njengoko yimpazamo embi.

Tale lenziwa iinxalenye ezimbini. Inophawu intshayelelo, esebenzisa apho umbhali umisela umfundi, isimo ekhethekileyo festive, uthi kuye iinjongo oyinyaniso lukho kokudalwa 'Zadonshchina ". Kwintshayelelo iyagxininisa ibali sinethemba, ithi eMoscow - njengeziko yangoku karhulumente - yinto phambili of Kiev, njl Inxalenye yokuqala umsebenzi - ". Nosizi" .. A Umbalisi usichaza ngokoyiswa eentloko ezaxhobela Russian, elilela amakhosikazi abafileyo kunye Boyarynya. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo lubonisa: kunokuba "embi" uya koyiswa. Ngoko ke kwathi kwi "indumiso" xa utshaba wazithabathela izithende zabo, yaye rusichi wavuka zizityebi okuthinjiweyo.

features art

Poetics "Zadonshchina" kakhulu ixhomekeke ukufana yalo kunye "uLizwi ...". Umfundi lijongene imifanekiso efanayo anthropomorphic, epithets ube imvelaphi folkloric ngokucacileyo. Ngelo xesha kukho umfanekiso enkulu ukubaluleka ukwasikhombisa ukuba yobuhedeni, engekhoyo, amadoda alwa zonqulo. Eli bali ihluke kakhulu ukusuka praetexta. Umsebenzi "Zadonshchina" into owahlukeneyo kakhulu kwisimbo. Ngoko, kunye iitekisi zesihobe ke amaqhekeza kakhulu kunene ngathi iprozi ishishini. Kufuneka kwakhona kuvela iinkcukacha ngokulandelelana, ingqalelo isihloko Prince.

"Zadonshchina" yaye "uLizwi ..."

Njengokuba kuthiwe, "Zadonshchina" ezixabisekileyo ngenxa yokuba ebonisa ukuchana "iLizwi." Le yokugqibela echaziweyo ngemibuzo hayi nje kuphela ngenxa phambi ukufunyanwa ngesiquphe litye lesikhumbuzo Musin-Pushkin ngo-1795 "ILizwi ..." Akukho namnye wakha wambona emehlweni akho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ixabiso enkulu bezobugcisa mbongo. Le nto yandenza ndazibuza lo mbono yacaca (kunye izandulela). iimbekiselo ukuba "Transdoniad" wayeza kuphelisa imbambano, kodwa ... uye waphakamisa ukuba ukuba "uLizwi ..." wadalwa elandela umzekelo lesikhumbuzo isityholo ezilandelayo. Kaloku, lo mbuzo ngemvelaphi zombini imisebenzi yokubhala yamandulo ayisonjululwa ngokupheleleyo.