Zhan Batist Lamark: ibhayografi emfutshane. kwemvelo of Zhana Batista Lamarck kwaye igalelo lakhe kuphuhliso eziphilayo

Zhan Batist Lamark, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane ziya kuqwalaselwa yi kuthi --nzulu yokuqala odale ithiyori ngokupheleleyo nasekusungulweni eziphilayo. Noko ke, yena onazo inombolo kwezinye kwesayensi owaziwa kakhulu. Ngaba uyazi ukuba ingcamango ebalulekileyo yaziswa inzululwazi Zhan Batist Lamark? Biology - a elide ngo-1802 lubonisa ukuba lo nzulu. Ukongeza, waba ngowokuqala ukuba bahlule ubukumkani zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo kunye ekuyo. Sinikezela siqonde ubomi eziyimpumelelo nzulu esidumileyo, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. biography emfutshane kuya kukunika uluvo jikelele yale ngumsebenzi ngenzululwazi.

Origin, ebuntwaneni

Zh B. Lamark (iminyaka yobomi - 1744-1829). Wazalwa kwi enqabeni yomkhosi usapho, ibekwe wasePicardy (France). Abazali bakhe baba ngabafo efumileyo. Babefuna ukubona unyana wombingeleli, kananjalo egqibile Lamarck esikolweni wamaJesuit. Isiphelo sakhe emva kokufa kukayise zatshintsha. 16 ubudala, wemka esikolweni abhalisela emkhosini Zhan Batist Lamark. biography Emfutshane eziliqela yeminyaka yakhe elandelayo yobomi lu dityanisiwe umsebenzi yasemkhosini.

inkonzo Military kunye namayeza abaqhuba

Ngexesha leMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo, wabonakalisa ukuba nesibindi okukhulu edabini kunye Prussians. Wabakhweli ngokwakhe wenza umfundi owayesakuba wamaJesuit College kwi amagosa. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe wamajoni, eyenziwe krelekrele uqalile, kwakunye kokomoya, Lamarck akazange isibheno. Isazinzulu elizayo ligqibe ekubeni umhlala phantsi. Emva kwexesha elithile, ndiye ndaqalisa ukufunda amayeza ikomkhulu France Zhan Batist Lamark. biography emfutshane bakhe ukuqhubeka eParis, apho Lamarck ingakumbi kwatsala iinzululwazi zendalo, ikakhulu Botany.

"French Flora"

Wayeneziphiwo yaye akhuthele umphengululi eliyinkunzi kwiminyaka embalwa yokwenza udale omninzi umsebenzi imiqulu-3. Isincoko ebizwa "French Flora". Kweli phepha lichaza inani lezityalo, kwaye kukho isikhokelo ukuchonga njani. Lo msebenzi wazisa udaba Fikizolo njengesazinzulu ngelo xesha Zhan Batist Lamark. Biography Zhana Batista wawongwa ubulungu ka Paris Academy of Sciences. Wanikwa kuye impumelelo yakhe. I-Academy waqhubeka ukujongana ngempumelelo kunye Botany Zhan Batist Lamark. ngobomi bakhe, ke, ayiphelelanga kwi sifundo.

Zhan Batist waba nzulu

Xa uJean Baptiste wayemalunga neminyaka eyi-50, ngo-1793, ngokupheleleyo watshintsha umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi. Lamarck wasebenza Royal Botanic Gardens, nto leyo similise eli xesha kwi Museum of Natural History. Le myuziyam yayizele kumasebe Botany, ngoko izazinzulu ziye ecetywayo ukwenza ngokuphila. kwiminyaka eli-10 kamva, Lamarck yaba yintoli kule ndawo, njengokuba ekufundweni izihluma.

New isebenza Baptiste

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, uphuhliso inzululwazi iye kufika kwi nqanaba xa uphuhliso enkulu iphumelele Botany, amalungu kunye nobume. Ngokupheleleyo, ezi nkalo ziye ifumaneka kuphela ukuya kwiingcali. Lamarck, ukuzama ukuthintela sokonakalisa esondelayo inzululwazi ibe amasebe elahlukileyo uze ugcine unxibelelwano olukhoyo phakathi kwabo, kudale imisebenzi. Kubo, wamnika imbono jikelele phezu komhlaba, ibhayoloji, imichiza, inzululwazi, njalo-njalo. D.

Eyokuqala umsebenzi kubonakala ngo-1794. Ku enikelwe iingxoxo malunga nohlobo lwamandla kunye mbandela. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuba "Uphando ezibangela le nesenzeko ezisisiseko elibonakalayo, ingakumbi abo anxulumene ovuthayo." Oku kwalandelwa umsebenzi 1796 "Refutation e-worldwork theory womoya ...". Kule misebenzi, isekelwe kwiimbono yentanda kunokuba data enokwehla, Zhan Batist akabagibanga phambili iingcamango ezintsha, kodwa misjudgments ezimbalwa.

Ngo-1802 kwakukho omnye isincoko, "Hydrogeology". Lamarck kulo msebenzi ke imbali iplanethi yethu ibe yolwandle ugcwalise umhlaba kwiimfanta yayo engaphezulu. Ukukhula amazwekazi kwaye isimemezelo imvula biogenic kwenzeka, ukholelwa, ngexesha izikhukula. Lamarck kule ncwadi aphengela iindlela zohlalutyo yobuso, esetyenziswa yi abaphengululi mihla. Ukongezelela koko, wandisa ixesha elimisiweyo zembali bomhlaba, nto leyo iqwalaselwe ngenkulungwane ye-18 kakhulu mxinwa kwaye kuphela ukuba iminyaka eliwaka embalwa. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi Zhana Batista, kwakunye ezimbini ezidlulileyo, akazange afumane baziwa kakhulu.

"Biology kwakhona kwenkqubo ye ezingenamqolo"

Lamarck wapapasha incwadi entsha ngo-1800. Yayibizwa ngokuba "biology ngendlela of ezingenamqolo." Scientist kuwo wagxeka kwinkqubo ecetywayo yokuhlela Linnaean of ezingenamqolo. Wadala lakhe. Lamarck ngokubhala lo msebenzi ephila ingqokelela osisityebi, leyo eyayiqokelelwe kwiminyaka engama-30 yobomi bakhe. Kulo msebenzi ke akathanga bathembele argument omnye kuphela, njengesiqhelo, kodwa uphando kunye nobutyebi izinto eziyinyaniso. Lamarck wenza isibaluli ngenxa zokuhlela homology ngamalungu angaphakathi. Le ndlela ukuba izazinzulu ukuba uphephe iimpazamo ezenziwa Linnaeus, lalo iqela enye eziphilayo ethile kuphela ngokusekelwe ukufana yangaphandle, ukuze ukuba sisazinzulu kwicandelo ngokubanzi yenkqubo got ziimpethu, molluscs kunye nezinye.

"Ifilosofi Zoology"

Ngexesha i Lamarck kudlule iminyaka eli-60, wayesazi yonke into olufundwe phambi kwakhe endle lweentlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo. Ngoku Scientist umise usukelo entsha - ukubhala incwadi, nto leyo nje iye yachazwa eziphilayo, njengoko kuchaziwe yi imithetho yendalo. Zhan Batist encwadini yakhe entsha wamitha ukubonisa indlela naziphi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ukuba zazivelela ngayo waliguqula nendlela ukufikelela meko likuyo ngoku. Le Isazinzulu wazama ukungqina ukuba badalwe imeko abakuyo, kwaye yaphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo imithetho yendalo yendalo. Ngamanye amazwi, Lamarck waye umdali ingcamango yokuqala izinto zazivelela. Kule nkalo, kwaba njengomanduleli Darwin (eliboniswe ngezantsi). Ngo-1809 i sisazinzulu epapashwe umsebenzi wakhe. Ukuvulwa Zhana Batista Lamarck kwincwadi "Ifilosofi Zoology". Ngaphandle igama, uzithetha nje malunga izilwanyana kodwa malunga zasendle ngokubanzi. Kulo msebenzi, ngoko ke, ebekwe imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela Zhana Batista Lamarck, apho waziwa namhlanje ehlabathini lonke.

Bayahlelwa oonyana theory Lamarck ngayo ukufa Zhana Batista

Amaninzi kwimbali lenzululwazi, kwathi ukuba bexesha lakhe abazange baqaphele amadoda amakhulu, ingcamango zabo. Kuphela kwiminyaka emininzi kamva anikwa ingqalelo okulufaneleyo. Andizange kudlula kule ngxaki, kwaye Zhana Batista. kwemvelo of Zhana Batista Lamarck esingaqondwayo bexesha lakhe. Ezinye izazinzulu nje musani ihlawule ingqalelo umsebenzi wakhe, ngoxa abanye yaye Bamhleka ngokugculelayo. Lamarck, ukuthembela inkxaso, ndabonisa lo msebenzi ku uNapoleon. Nangona kunjalo, lo mlawuli, lowo ingqalelo umxhasi lenzululwazi, bahlekwa esidlangalaleni Zhana Batista. Lamarck ekupheleni iimfama yobomi. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-85, kulityalwa ngabo bonke, wafa Zhan Batist Lamark. Ingcamango yendaleko, wabashiya lemveli, wenza ukungafi igama lakhe.

Kakuhle eli kwithiyori Lamarck

Yintoni na le nto kwethiyori Lamarck kaThixo? Le Isazinzulu athi ubomi emhlabeni yethu intsukaphi ngendlela yemvelo. Okokuqala kwakukho izinto ezilula. Ngokuthe ngcembe, phezu zeminyaka, ukuba ngcono, waguquka elide de afika nesimo sangoku. Zhan Batist wayesithi ukuba ookhokho bethu, ngokungafaniyo kubo, bacwangcise imvelaphi abangekaphuhli ngakumbi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Oku, Kakade ke, kuthe tye Zhan Batist Lamark. Ingcamango yendaleko, yena ecetywayo, nangona kwezinye iinkalo, akuthethi ukubamba amanzi.

izizathu ezimbini sokuphuhlisa umhlaba organic

Kutheni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziye zatshintsha, ekhulisa ngaphambili yaye siyaqhubeka ukuphucula kwaye ngoku? Le Isazinzulu wazama ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo. Noko ke, nangona ngqondi engathethekiyo ka Lamarck ayikwazanga kakuhle ukuchaza esi senzeko materialistically. Izazinzulu athi uphuhliso ihlabathi zomgquba lixhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini eziphambili. Eyokuqala kukuba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngokwabo bezimisele ukuphucula notshintsho. Ngoko ke, umnqweno yenkqubela impahla nofa azalwa. Isizathu sesibini - ifuthe kubo ngemeko apho zihlala. Le meko, ebizwa bume eziphilayo wenziwa ifuthe emoyeni kwizityalo nezilwanyana, umhlaba, ukufuma, ubushushu, ukukhanya, ukutya, njalo-njalo. D.

Umphumo bume eziphilayo

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba izityalo kunye nezilwanyana eziphantsi ngqo kunye notshintsho phantsi kwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo. Azuza iipropati ezithile kunye nemilo. Umzekelo, yenyuka isityalo elungileyo umhlaba unenxaxheba imbonakalo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ngaphezu uhlobo olunye lwesityalo elo zwe waphuma waya embi. ayibonakali A omdala emthunzini ukuba likhule ekukhanyeni. Ngenxa yoko, izilwanyana zohluke, kodwa oku eyahlukileyo kancinci. Bona wabumba phantsi kwempembelelo imikhuba ezintsha bume. Rhoqo phindaphinda, baba kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo ukuba bawasebenzise. Umzekelo, rhoqo siphila isilwanyana ehlathini, nto leyo kunyanzeleke ukuba ukukhwela emithini, kuvela imilenze ebambayo. A fauna ummeli, ngenkani lonke ixesha ukuhamba imigama emide, kukho imilenze enamandla, iimpuphu kukhula. Kulo mzekelo nga langutana ni nempembelelo ngqo nengxelo-ntetho lokusingqongileyo, eza ngenxa nemikhwa thina. Zhan Batist ayekholelwa ukuba iimpawu ezithile eziphilayo bafumana phantsi kwempembelelo lokusingqongileyo, ibe ilifa.

Ingqalelo kwaye eliyi imibono Lamarck

mpumelelo Scientific banamhlanje zibonisa ukuba konke ingcamango kwakunjalo Zhana Batista Lamarck. Izazinzulu musa siyayibona into yokuba ehlabathini eziphilayo kukho umnqweno kunzima yaye kungakholeleki ukuphucula. Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane kamva, Darwin wachaza indlela efanelekileyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kwakunye ngendlela apho siphila kwimeko yabo, ngokwahlukileyo kancinci. Kokuqwalasela nobangela uphambili ngendaleko ngokukhethwa zendalo. Noko ke, biology mihla uyayiqonda ifuthe eziphilayo iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo imfundiso Lamarck. Noko ke, elo ilifa imikhwa ezifunyenwe ngexesha ebomini ephilayo xa ukuyithenga. Science ukholelwa ukuba iimpawu ezintsha kuvela phantsi kweempembelelo yemfuza - iinguqu ezithi zenzeke iiseli intsholongwane eziphilayo.

Nakuba kunjalo, igalelo Zhana Batista Lamarck enkulu. Yena waba ngowokuqala wadala imfundiso yophuhliso endalo organic ehlabathini liphela. Zhan Batist Lamark, igalelo kuphuhliso eziphilayo, nto leyo kakhulu umxhelo, namhlanje unandipha ingqalelo kakuhle yayibafanele of mva.