Zingaphi namasekela kwiNtetho Duma?

Inani zamasekela kwiNtetho Duma of the Russian siseko ichaza. Ngexesha ukhona, kwaye engaphezu kwamashumi amabini, umthetho ayikatshintshi kakhulu. Ngelo xesha linye imbali parliamentarism Russian ixesha elide. Makhe sibone ayengama ezininzi njani kwi State Duma eRashiya, ngokunjalo ezinye iinkcukacha nezinye ukusebenza komzimba kunye nembali yayo.

Imvelaphi yasepalamente Russian

Ngaphambi kokuba ufumane ayengama ezininzi njani kwi State Duma, makhe sijonge imvelaphi parliamentarism Russian.

Eyokuqala ePalamente kule lethu, ekuthiwa - The State Duma, wabonakala ebudeni bexesha Russian Empire. isiseko baso uhlobo komnyinyiva kubantu ukumkani, awayefuna unelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba elawula eli lizwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni revolution engagqitywanga ka-1905. Ke * uKhesare Nicholas II wakhupha ummiselo osemthethweni ngokusekwa kwelizwe Duma. Nangona kunjalo, izigqibo zayo abazange ezibophelelayo, kodwa nje abonakalisa.

Sele ngoDisemba 1905 intlanganiso yokuqala yebhunga epalamente efunyenweyo. Inani zamasekela kwi State Duma yayingabantu 448. Inkoliso yabo kukugcina amaqhezu wentando yesininzi yomgaqo-siseko (153), Trudoviks (abantu 97) kunye autonomists (abantu 63). 105 namasekela ezingabhaliswanga kunye naliphi na iqela. Iseshoni yokuqala Duma sale intlanganiso lisukela emva Apreli 1906, kodwa wasebenza iintsuku 72 kuphela ngoJulayi kwaye iqhawulwa umyalo ovela.

Duma of the intlanganiso yesibini wasebenza kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1907. Ngeli xesha, inani elipheleleyo zamasekela kwi State Duma yayingabantu 518. Ngoku, inkoliso zazivela Trudoviks (104 namasekela) kunye kabini neerhuluneli 98 kuphela. Ukususwa namasekela zikaRhulumente Duma lwaqhutywa ngoJuni 1907, xa umzimba yepalamente itshitshisiwe benze zavuza zinzame amanye amalungu ayo ukwenza ubhedu.

Duma of the intlanganiso yesithathu asebenza ukususela 1907 ukuya 1912. 446 namasekela zimelwe. Ngeli xesha, inkoliso baba Octo - Abantu 154.

Zingaphi amasekela kwiNtetho Duma zokugqibela, yesine, intlanganiso, nto leyo esebenza ukususela 1912 ukuya 1917? Kwimisebenzi yayo inxaxheba 442 neerhuluneli. Uninzi konke kwakhona Octo - abantu 98. Kuye apheliswe emva Februwari Revolution ngo-Oktobha 1917, xa zicwangciselwe unyulo lweNdibano neqela. Kodwa ke mathemba elizayo parliamentarianism Russian wahlala kuzaliseka, njengoko Oktobha Revolution of 1917 senzeka kweli lizwe konyaka.

Emva kokuba iiBolsheviks wangumlawuli yindlu yowiso-mthetho le RSFSR, yaye kamva waba Russian Federation Ephakamileyo Soviet. Asebenzisa umthetho umsebenzi ukususela ngowe-1938 ukuya 1993.

Imfundo ye Russian State Duma

Isizathu sokuba ukuyilwa umzimba omtsha zepalamente iinzame yi inxalenye enkulu zamasekela zeBhunga Ephakamileyo, ephethwe yi-Somlomo wayo Ruslan Khasbulatov ngo-Oktobha 1993 ukuya ukuphumeza ubhedu. Umzamo akuzange kuncede, kodwa ke esi sihlandlo sokuchitha weBhunga Ephakamileyo.

Kulo nyaka, Russian uMongameli Boris Yeltsin wakhupha umyalelo kwi ukuyilwa umzimba omtsha yepalamente - kaRhulumente Duma. Unyulo Duma bathwalwa ngo December 1993.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente Duma

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba yintoni imisebenzi zamasekela likaRhulumente Duma.

I Duma State lelona candelo likhulu lowiso eRashiya. Yiloo nto ke ngumsebenzi ophambili yamaSekela na inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Lo mzimba zepalamente iye ubume yendlu esezantsi iNdibano Federal, nguye, edulusele endlwini leyo yeBhunga Federation.

Amalungelo kunye neemfanelo zamalungu ePalamente kucacisiwe kuMthetho malunga nobume ibamba likaRhulumente Duma. Umzekelo, umthetho uqinisekisa sifo epalamente, ngokunjalo amanye amalungelo zamasekela.

Ithuba lokuba sesikhundleni zamasekela

Ekuqaleni, ngexesha lodluliselo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ngokusekwa kwelizwe Duma, neerhuluneli ye yintlanganiso yokuqala bafumana iziqinisekiso zabo nje ukuba ixesha leminyaka emibini. Kodwa ebiziweyo elandelayo kwacetywa ukwandisa ixesha elifikelela kwiminyaka emine. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ukusuka ku-1995 ukuya ku-2011, amasekela ukusuka yesibini ukuya mthetho wesihlanu onegunya kangangethuba leminyaka emine.

Kodwa ukususela ngo-2011 lo gama kwamagunya amasekela uhlehlisiwe waya kutsho kwiminyaka emihlanu. Kungenxa kule xesha sele unikwe ithuba lokwenza imisebenzi yabo intlanganiso yesithandathu. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ebengathanga lwabiwo mali ukuze sisingathe yokhetho.

Unyulo olulandelayo ukuze neerhuluneli zikaRhulumente Duma ezicwangciselwe Septemba 2016.

Le indlela yokhetho

Yintoni inkqubo unyulo namasekela uRhulumente Duma? Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukuba unyulo ngaphambili zamasekela nolubanjwa qho emva kweminyaka emine, ke ngoku nolubanjwa qho emva kweminyaka emihlanu.

ERashiya, kukho inkqubo olungumxube unyulo. Oko kukuthi, isiqingatha zamasekela akhethwe kwisithili yonyulo omnye umyalelo, kwaye esinye isiqingatha - kwizintlu party. Ngenxa yoko, ngolokuqala kwimeko, abavoti Ivoti enye ethile umntu, kwimeko kwisithili uloyiso uya kuba usekela, kwaye eyesibini kwimeko - for the party. Yile ndlela nkulu ukuqinisekisa iimfuno kwimimandla ethile kunye nokukhethwa lonyulo abavoti.

inani zamasekela

Ngoku makhe ezithile ukanti mangaphi neerhuluneli kwiNtetho Duma. Ukuze lo mbuzo anike impendulo ecacileyo-siseko Russian, nto leyo ichaza ukuba inani epalamente.

Kweli thuba zamasekela State Duma 450. Kulo mzekelo, i ethile inani ayikatshintshi okoko kwasekwa i lwepalamente yomzimba ngo-1993.

Ukubunjwa kaRhulumente Duma

Siye safunda lukhulu kule masekela State Duma. Ngelo xesha kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukwazi ukuba yintoni na imikhosi ngomzuzu imele iimfuno zabantu. uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe namasekela likaRhulumente Duma phezu 450 ngenxa bulkiness wayo ngoku apha ayikasebenzi, kodwa sihlolisise isakhiwo lepalamente, besazi inani nabameli angquzulanayo ngaphakathi kuyo.

Okwangoku, uninzi neerhuluneli Duma ukusuka eliphikisayo pro-government "United Russia" - Abantu 238. Kulandele masekela ukusuka Communist Party - abantu 92. Bona ilandelwa yi ngabameli ngokweyelenqe "Fair Russia" - abantu abangama-64. Unguyena mncinanana kubo bonke zamasekela yepalamente ukusuka Enesisa Democratic Party - abantu 56. Oku ugwetyelwayo inani zamasekela kangangoko kufuneka imbonakaliso kwizithili ezahlukahlukeneyo eRashiya, kwakunye zezepolitiki.

isakhiwo ephalamende

Ngoku makhe sifunde zokuceba indlela Duma State, yaye yintoni na umbutho walo ngaphakathi. Ngapha koko, 450 amasekela - kusenjalo inani elikhulu labantu, elowo kubo, ngaphandle imisebenzi esisiseko yowiso-mthetho, kufuneka enze imisebenzi ngakumbi kwiPalamente.

On amasekela division iqhezu thina zichazwe ngasentla. Omnye kuye ukuze kuthi kuphela ukuba iqembu - iqela namasekela, injongo ezidityanisiweyo ixesha elide abangatshatanga umbono eyodwa yophuhliso ngakumbi kwelo lizwe. Amaninzi amaqhezu abunjwe malunga ngeebhetshi eyahlukileyo okanye qamba yokudibanisa batch eziliqela.

Umntu wokuqala kwiNtetho Duma lo usihlalo. imithwalo yakhe iquka ubunkokheli yePalamente ngexesha lemisebenzi ngeeseshoni nokunikezela kuyo unxulumano lwayo kunye namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente, kwakunye namaqumrhu angaphandle wepalamente. USihlalo we-State Duma aya kunyulwa ngendlela yamaphepha okuvota ayimfihlo amasekela, njengoko umthetho, phezu kokubizwa lokuqala kweseshoni. Ngaphezu koko, lo kuqala substituent kunye substituents anyuliweyo. imisebenzi yazo ukuze amncedise uMongameli ekuqhutyweni seshoni, ukongeza, isekela lokuqala endaweni kuye kwimeko yokungabikho ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu. Okwangoku, usihlalo uRhulumente Duma ulilungu leqela pro-government "United Russia" Sergei Naryshkin.

Umsebenzi ophambili we-State Duma lo yunithi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwipalamente Russian. Eli gunya unyanzelekile ukuba balandele inkxaso, ulwazi, zemali kunye lombutho yemisebenzi zamasekela. Ukuba umthetho lo isakhiwo, intloko izixhobo uDuma. Okwangoku, esi sikhundla ohlala Jahan Redzhepovna Pollyeva.

Ezithile iinkalo owiso umsebenzi kaRhulumente Duma kweekomiti inxaxheba. Benza amalungu ezicwangciswe amaqela kwezirekhodiweyo iindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi ngokutsho quota iqela. Okwangoku, iikomiti eziphambili zezi:

• phezu komthetho-siseko;
• lwabiwo-mali;
• YabaSebenzi kunye sotspolitike;
• ngokuba nkqubo yezoqoqosho;
• kwipropati;
• energy;
• Industry;
• ezempilo;
• Education.

Ukongeza, kukho iqela nezinye iikomiti. Kule iiyunithi noshowo yePalamente yaye kuxoxwa amatyala ezithile, ngokutsho ulwalathiso iprofayile wekomiti. Imisebenzi zeekomiti echotshelwa uSihlalo, abo namasekela kuqala kunye neerhuluneli.

efana kakhulu umsebenzi kweekomiti uthuma. Umahluko ephambili kukuba umsebenzi kwezakhiwo data kuquka na umsebenzi yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokulawula nawuphi na umsebenzi ulwalathiso. Ngamanye amaxesha ikhomishini ngokukodwa ukusekwa esweni ukuphunyezwa kwe kumsebenzi othile. Okwangoku, kukho iikhomishini ezintandathu kwiPalamente Russian:

• Ulawulo phezu ukuthembeka kolwazi malunga ingeniso;
• ku nePalamente Yokuziphatha;
• Commission Audit;
• Ukwakha ukwakhiwa for Centre nePalamente;
• Control ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso loshishino wokhuselo Russian;
• on ulawulo iindleko kwemali evela mali, ejolise ekuqinisekiseni le mimoya. ukhuseleko.

Xa intloko usihlalo ikhomishini ngalinye umi.

Enye umzimba noshowo kwipalamente Russian iBhunga Duma State. Yiyo le gunya ulungisa amatyala ezithile ukuze ingqalelo kule seshoni, kwaye nezicwangciso ukusebenza epalamente ngexesha inkqubo-session. Oko kukuthi, ukuba umzimba uphumeza umsebenzi yokuqala ekulungiseni oYilwayo phambi kokwenza kwabo wonke loo masekela.

Uyalela iBhunga nguSihlalo we-State Duma. Ukongeza, iBhodi yenziwa namasekela bakhe kunye neenkokeli angquzulanayo yepalamente. Kodwa ke sihlalo zeekomiti banelungelo kuphela ivoti yengxoxo kweli candelo.

Loo ngokuthe ke lwesakhiwo sesebe le-State Duma ye-Russian Federation.

Kokupheliswa State Duma

Ukuba nokwenzeka wokupheliswa yePalamente yi-siseko Russia. Le nkqubo wenziwe, ukuba kathathu uDuma bazitshitshisela abaviwa neemeko ezicetywayo ukuba kwisikhundla sokuba ngumongameli okanye inkulumbuso kathathu oluvakalisa bengakholwa. Kulo mzekelo, intloko umbuso basebenzise ilungelo labo siseko wavala ipalamente. Kodwa nakuba oko kwimbali yethu Russian, le nkqubo yokuchitheka likaRhulumente Duma ingasetyenziswanga nje. Kuphela kokufa yasepalamente lwaqhutywa ngo-1993 phantsi uMongameli Boris Yeltsin. Kodwa ke wababiza iBhunga Ephakamileyo, oko kukuthi, phambi kokuba amaziko Duma.

Ukongeza, izihlandlo ezininzi kususwe zamasekela zikaRhulumente Duma wenziwe ngabanye. Kulo mzekelo, iPalamente ngokwayo ugqiba ukuba gxotha amalungu ayo ngalinye. Ngokomzekelo, le nkqubo sele alahlwa evela kwimisebenzi zikaRhulumente Duma ibamba elo "Fair Russia" iikulya Ponomarev.

Ixabiso parliamentarism

Ixabiso kaRhulumente Duma eRashiya ayikwazi nemikhuba. Ngapha koko, oku ligunya karhulumente, apho esebenzisa iziko wonyulo, abemi basebenzise labo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokulawula. imisebenzi yayo ziquka ukwamkelwa ngezenzo zomthetho, kwakunye ukwenza iqela lemisebenzi ulawulo, kunye nezinye iingxaki. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amazwi, oko kuxhomekeka kwi-State Duma esingokwamkelwa nemithetho ezithile kweli lizwe.

Inani yangoku zamasekela epalamente ngokwesayensi inani elifunekayo nabameli abavela kuzo zonke izithili Russia, kunye nemikhosi eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo iimfuno bonke abemi beli lizwe. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwathiwa ogqibe ukuba ugxininise kuso abo zamasekela-450.

Kakade ke, ngathi naliphi na iziko likarhulumente, inkqubo zepalamente lee egqibeleleyo. Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulawulo ngempumelelo kakhulu emzimbeni, ngalo lonke ubunzima labemi ukuba uhlanga lukarhulumente ethile, unokuphembelela nkqubo karhulumente, kodwa lasungulwa ehlabathini. Ukongeza, ubukho eziliqela amasebe, kuquka mthetho ezichongiweyo ngokwahlukileyo, ekusebenzeni ePalamente, ikuvumela ukulawula namanye amasebe karhulumente (elawulayo, kunye nezigwebo), kunye nokuthintela usurpation yolawulo omnye wabo okanye umongameli.