Gerbert Guver (Herbert Clark Hoover), 31 th uMongameli we-United States: engobomi, ubomi lobuqu, umsebenzi wezopolitiko

Future US uMongameli Gerbert Guver wazalwa ngo-Agasti 10, 1874 e-West Yesebe. Abazali bakhe LamaQuaker evela Iowa wephondo kunye neengcambu isiJamani. uyise womntwana lowo, wathengisa izixhobo kwifama wayesebenza mkhandi. Wafa xa uHerbert wayeneminyaka-6 kuphela ubudala. Umama wafa omnye emi-4. Ukuhlala inkwenkwana eyinkedama bafudukela kumalume wakhe Oregon. Ngowe-1891, i-Hoover oselula bangena eve wavula Stanford University. Xa umsebenzi waba injineli kwemigodi, yaye kwakungekho miqondiso ukuba lo ingcali ziya inxaxheba kwezopolitiko.

Career engineer zemigodi

Ngowe-1895, Gerbert Guver wafumana isidanga sedigri. career yakhe njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo kwakumnandi kakhulu. Kodwa konke yaqala athobeke. Okokuqala eStanford onesidanga wafumana iinkampani zemigodi rock ecocekileyo umvuzo Gold Mine. Emva koko professional abatsha abanomdla zamaNgesi. IsiNgesi Bewick, Moreing and Company, ezizodwa ngegolide, usiqeshileyo Hoover oneminyaka eli-23 ubudala yaye abasekondiweyo kuye Australia. Kwi i "kwilizwekazi green" asebenza American wafundisa khona indlela ethile California kwemigodi metal anqabileyo. E Australia, Gerbert Guver wazuza amava angathethekiyo kungekuphela nje komhlaba, kodwa njengomphathi.

Emva koko ke ifumene isithembiso engalindelekanga evela kurhulumente Chinese. E China imigodi ayekwimeko lokuqala. I-Chinese bafuna ukufunda kumava Western mihla. Ngoko ke uyakwazi none- Gerbert Guver lo mgqatswa ubhetele kubo. American "lucky 'ukuba China ngexesha kwaqalisa zodumo inboxer Imvukelo. Yaba neliza kwamaJuda kwi kwiikota amazwe. Ngokuchasene ukongamela basemzini kakhulu abalimi. Abayithandi umsebenzi wobuvangeli lamaKristu.

Xa Tianjin, apho wayehlala Hoover, weza phantsi neziqhushumbisi. Bavukele shell wabetha yesakhiwo ngaphaya kwendlela ukusuka kwelo khaya yinjineli American. Ngaloo mini, uHerbert Clark Hoover, babeka ubomi babo, wabalekiselwa indlu kutshatyalaliswa, ndayihlangula intombazana Chinese. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ngowe-1928, yena abe ngumgqatswa kaMongameli eUnited States wawayalela ziintatheli ukupapasha ibali ngexesha lokhankaso lolonyulo. Ngexesha inboxer Imvukelo American ayenziwanga kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi ngqo, kodwa buyisela noololiwe kutshatyalaliswa.

impilo Personal

Amazing nombono umsebenzi in China kuye kwanyanzeleka Hoover ukuba bacinge ngayo iintsapho zabo elizayo. Lo mfana wayesele awayeza kutshata abaqhubekayo ukuhlala California. Ngowe-1898, elizayo Lou Genri Guver lifumene ukusuka ucingo umyeni, apho wachaza uhambo olulandelayo Asia wacela ukuba batshate. Le ntombazana wavuma. Laba izibopho idibene ngomtshato kaFebruwari 10, 1899 kwisixeko iMonterrey. Ukulandela umzekelo indoda yakhe Lu Genri wathabatha ukholo Quaker. Abo batshatayo uhambo lokuya kwi yenqanawa China sele ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuba betshatile. Iqabane ibisoloko kufuphi uHerbert. Yena wafa ngo-1964.

E Hoover wayenabantwana ababini. Herbert wazalwa ngo-1903, waba Injineli kunye namazwe. Njengoyise, waphumelela Stanford University. Wayencedisa njengoononjineli xa kwicandelo lobunjineli moya, Geophysics, kunye 50 yaba nguNobhala of State ophetheyo unxulumano kuMbindi Mpuma. Unyana omncinci Allan ibuye ibe injineli kwemigodi, yaye inkoliso umsebenzi abazichitha California.

Usomashishini osakhasayo van'wankumi

Ngowe-1901, Gerbert Guver wemka China. Waba co-umnini Bewick, Moreing & Co, ngugqirha kushishino lwezimbiwa. Kangangexesha elithile, wabuyela eOstreliya. Ngowe-1908, Hoover waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe nje njengomcebisi elizimeleyo. Kulandele ixesha intsebenziswano kunye neenkampani ehlabathini lonke. Yingcali uye wasebenza San Francisco, eLondon, New York, eSt Petersburg, Paris, kwaye nkqu baseBurma, apho kanye nesifo seengcongconi. umongameli Future US yasebenzisana zizidwangube phambene. Ngokukodwa, wanceda nokuphuhlisa Kyshtym idipozithi sobhedu, waza ke wabalekela kwimigodi kwi zeAltai kwiiNtaba. Ngenxa kutyalo-mali ngempumelelo ngowe-1914 Herbert Hoover waba indoda esisityebi. isimo lakhe lobuqu malunga $ 4 million.

ubomi Hoover litshintshile kakhulu emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngehlobo lowe-1914 yena eLondon. Unozakuzaku US eBritani wacela Hoover ukunceda ukucwangcisa baphindele yabemi US abazibona eYurophu phambi ingozi ofayo. Yaba ubunzima enkulu yabantu - abantu abamalunga ne-120 lamawaka.

Emva koko, umongameli elizayo Gerbert Guver useke ikhomishini ukunceda Belgium anazo. BaseJamani nokuba bavumile ukuba kudlula izinto, ezanikezelwa nezwe elwandle. Ngeli xesha umkhosi waseBritani igcinwe iJamani in a kwafa yomkhosi. I-British zange bayayichasa ukuziswa kwempahla emphakathini. Hoover Commission ngokukhawuleza yaba negalelo kakhulu. Yena wathenga ukutya e-Australia naseMelika, neenqanawa yayo yaba nje iinqanawa kweshumi ezimbalwa.

Kwaloo elizayo uMongameli 31 eUnited States izihlandlo eziliqela wawela umgca ngaphambili rhoqo esichengeni ubomi bakhe. ukuthula yayo esebenzayo ayikwazanga ngoyaba. Ngowe-1919, ngenxa mpumelelo ezininzi kwinkonzo uluntu nobunjineli Washington Award yanikezelwa Hoover.

Minister of trade

Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, Hoover waba isafobe kakuhle awaziwayo abadumileyo. Ngowe-1918 yi isigqibo sikaMongameli uWoodrow Wilson , wayiqhubela American Relief Administration. Wathabatha yonke enye: kunceda umbutho wabatshabalalisa eYurophu (impahla ezininzi zathunyelwe Poland kunye eCzechoslovakia). Nangona leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi beluse ludlule, ungquzulwano wamagazi omtsha yaqhambuka eRashiya, iMfazwe Civil waqala apho.

Ngowe-1919, lo mbutho baqalisa ukunceda Hoover White Northwest Army. AmaMelika bazisa ingqolowa cereal umgubo, iimbotyi, iertyisi, ubisi yinto enye, lard. Ngowe-1921, Hoover waye uNobhala US of Commerce. Waba nguMongameli Uorren ntsho, amaxabiso ngobulungisa yamava kumququzeleli ngobuchule.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo post Hoover oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ishishini radio American. Ngexesha losasazo besebenzisa ezi zixhobo ezilawulwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Trade and Hoover ngokobuqu. Kwathi imikhulu kangaka nje, ukuba iNkundla Federal uwenze amagunya intloko yesebe. Ngenxa yoko, kangangeminyaka eliqela, America ubunzima ezazikho nokupheleleyo oonomathotholo zabo, apho izikhululo ezahlukeneyo waya emoyeni kwi-frequency okufanayo.

Ukudideka kuhlala ngo-1927. Congress wadlula odumileyo Radio Act, ngokoko athe Federal Radio Commission ekhethekileyo zadalwa.

Nceda Soviet Russia

Ngo-1921 waqalisa indlala eyoyikekayo ukuba ibetheke inzima kummandla iVolga eRashiya. Isizathu sokuba loo kwakukho War Civil, umgaqo-nkqubo engqongqo ukuthenga kunye ukuchithakala ngokupheleleyo elalini. Ngaba kakhulu impembelelo umbhali aphesheya Mxim Gorky ucele urhulumente US ukuze ufumane uncedo. Hoover wayesaziwa anti-ye'Bolshevik isigxina sakhe, kodwa wavuma ukuba ukuxhasa abalambileyo. Ngo-Agasti 1921, e Riga, i-American Uncedo Administration kunye yaBantu Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle Mxim Litvinov asayina isivumelwano malunga nokubonelelwa kwezinto yoluntu ukuya Soviet Russia.

Ekuqaleni, uncedo yanikezelwa kuphela abantwana kunye nabagulayo. AmaMelika itafile umbutho, nenokuthi kuphela kakhulu abadinga inkxaso belamba. Bayalelwa ikhadi igalelo okhethekileyo.

In Petrograd kuphela Amerika wavula 120 canteens, nto leyo esongezwa abantwana abangaphezu kwama-42 amawaka. Samara, Kazan, Saratov kunye: Ukuhamba ezingundoqo ukutya wathumela iVolga kwiphondo Simbirsk (yabonakala apho malunga 7000 Kitchen). Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuqala zohanjiso Hoover e Washington akuphumelelanga ukweyisela abo bamisela ukwandisa ngemali le nkqubo.

Ingxaki yayikukuba ngelo xesha urhulumente esemthethweni US abazange baqaphele urhulumente waseSoviet. Ukuhanjiswa eRussia yaphela ngo-1923. Ngeli xesha, ngokutsho Commissariat, oko ngaphandle malunga 585.000 iitoni zokutya, amayeza kunye neempahla.

umongameli neofisi yakhe

Ngowe-1928, Hoover (njengelungu le US Republican Party) wangena ugqatso umongameli elandelayo. Eyona mbangi wakhe Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover wakwazi ukufumana olivumayo igama lakhe. Emva kwakhe yaba yimpumelelo siqu njengendlela usomashishini nokunceda eYurophu ebudeni bemfazwe. Ukongeza, amaMelika ingqalelo ngokwemfanelo lobuqu uMphathiswa of Commerce 20 emangalisayo komnotho.

Noko ke, ekubeni kwi-ofisi zikarhulumente eziphambili Hoover yabalasela ekuqaleni Great Depression. ngumbhodamo kwiimalike Stock yabangela ekuweni koqoqosho. Hoover kwafuneka banyamezele isaqhwithi kwezoqoqosho, uNomsa leyo ayikhange ibe mhlawumbi i-US okanye Europe. nkqubo kaMongameli anti-ntlekele wanciphiswa iingongoma ezimbalwa eziziintloko. Okokuqala, wazama ukunika uphuhliso olongezelelweyo amashishini amancinci abucala. Okwesibini, Hoover wazama ukucenga abaqeshi ukuba anciphise imveliso yayo. esahlala okuxhomisa kuluntu yaba ungquzulwano phakathi kwabasebenzi nabaqeshi. UMongameli wazama ukuba athambe le nkcaso.

Ukongeza, Hoover ecetywayo inkqubo yemisebenzi yoluntu elikhulu, leyo kuthiwa ukusombulula ingxaki abangaphangeliyo. Ngowe-1930, Congress yamkele isicwangciso lwanikwa ukuphunyezwa kwayo million 750. Kodwa ke, nangona amalinge karhulumente ukuba angenelele kwimeko, imeko baqhubeka buba. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1930, abaqeshi baqalisa ukunciphisa kakhulu imveliso yawo.

Ecetyiswa Hoover, Congress wadala ingxowa, ngemali amaziko amatyala kunye zebhanki bakwaloliwe ibalulekileyo, kwakunye ngayo. Kwangaxeshanye, uMongameli onokuvotelwa umthetho kwi uncedo lwezimali ukuze abangasebenziyo, ucinga ukuba ngokugqithiseleyo imali ukumnika siya kuthintela aba bantu linge ekufumaneni umsebenzi omtsha. Ngo-1932, inani wabo wafika ibonwe abantu abazizigidi ezili-12, kwaye yonke imveliso US ngexesha lokudodobala ngama-50%.

zokulungisa kungaqatshelwanga

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ekuqaleni 1929 Hoover weza igunya, wayeza ukuphumeza kutshintsho loqoqosho, ezibe ukuba buthathaka ngakumbi impembelelo karhulumente kuqoqosho. Yaba ikhondo okuqhubekayo libertarianism, okanye ebizwa ngokuba umgaqo noninterference. Ukwenza inkqubo yezoqoqosho, Hoover wathembela yabo amava ngusomashishini, ukuba basebenze ezininzi amazwe ehlabathini lonke.

Nezinye iziganeko ebalulekileyo nkqubo basekhaya ka-1929-1933. nokusekwa kwe-Federal Bureau of zeentolongo kunye lenguqulelo ye-Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hoover kwakhona wasivuna kuphuculo yomhlalaphantsi ngamandla, ngenxa yazo zonke American ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 kufuneka wamkela $ 50 ngenyanga nganye. Ngenxa yokuba i-Great Depression , eli phulo zange ndaqonda.

angaphandle

Ngowe-1928, Gerbert Guver waba ukhenketho nanto kumazwe alishumi Latin America. Ebudeni hambo, wathi 25 iintetho kunye notyelelo ngokwabo kwakhokelela nokukhutshwa neentlobano zokwazana amazwe elizwekazi. Ezili eArgentina, phantse Hoover waba lixhoba kokubulawa le anarchist yasekuhlaleni.

Kuyo yonke yobunzima umongameli wakwazi ukuba ndiseke komgaqo-nkqubo omtsha we "ummelwane olungileyo", owathatha "iimfazwe banana 'ezininzi. Le ayiyontetho yemihla ngemihla wabiza izenzo US ngokuchasene zeCaribbean Central Merika, amaMelika, ingakumbi, olawulwa Puerto Rico kunye Cuba. Umgaqo-nkqubo we "ummelwane olungileyo" waqhubeka phantsi Roosevelt. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, ngo-1934, imikhosi yaseMelika wemka eHaiti.

Ukungaphumeleli ulonyulo kwakhona

Imeko ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho kuye phantsi ukuthembeka le Hoover. Sisondela kokhetho ngo-1932, yaye kwinqanaba yayo yenkxaso uphansi prohibitively. Ngexesha yakudala intetho pre-konyulo kubavoti Hoover wadibana nabantu nakuwubona ayenza yamibi. Ezahlukeneyo umongameli Franklin Roosevelt. Waphumelela unyulo, ukuba intloko elandelayo eUnited States.

umgqatswa Republican lahluleka yendalo. Hoover ababephila abatyholwa ngokusilela ukuthatha inkqubo anti-ntlekele, nenokuthi ukubazolisa uqhwithela kwezoqoqosho. Roosevelt, kambe ku amanyathelo ezigqithisileyo kwaye kundululwe ikhondo elitsha, imeko walungisa. Kwangaxeshanye, nanamhlanje, ababhali-mbali uqaphele ukuba Hoover waba imeko zibulawa. Yena nelishwa ukuba umongameli kwi olwandulela ntlekele oluqale ayilotyala lakhe, ngenxa yezizathu njongo, kopivshimsya eminyaka. Abalandeli Hoover waphawula waza wabonisa ukuba ukuphakama the Great Depression, akukho manyathelo ukunceda ngumongameli Melika abakwazanga.

kwiminyaka kamva kwelifa

Radicalism Roosevelt yayikukuba chatha ngokugqithileyo indima karhulumente kulo kuqoqosho, koko emarikeni Njengesiqhelo model US.

Eyahlulayo, abe ngummi yabucala, iminyaka emininzi wagxeka iinkqubo ezihlangwini zakhe. Xa Second World War, wakhuthaza ukuba kuyiphazamisa imicimbi zaseYurophu.

Hoover wabuyela kwinkonzo karhulumente phantsi uMongameli Truman kunye Eisenhower. umphathi Wawabona eya wekomiti, phambili ukulungiswa izixhobo karhulumente. Uye ebhalwe amanqaku ezininzi neencwadi, kubandakanywa memoirs, leyo wachaza kohambo lwakhe ulutsha eliqaqambileyo. Hoover yaba ex-umongameli ngethuba ingxelo ngexesha layo, kwisithuba seminyaka engama-31. Wafa ngo-Oktobha 20, 1964 eNew York. Owayesakuba umntu wokuqala wayeneminyaka engama-90 ubudala. indawo yalo yokuphumla lokugqibela uye waba Iowa zomthonyama.

United States ulazisa kwisikhumbuzo ngumongameli 31, owathi, nakuba zonke bokuqonda le-Great Depression ebudaleni nto kwimo emehlweni abemi. Igama lakhe izinto ezininzi kunye neendawo. Elaziwa kakhulu kukuba iDama Hoover (AZ). Edamini kuMlambo Colorado, yaye namhlanje uthathwa ngokuba hlawuleka. ukwakhiwa yayo ngexesha uMongameli Hoover ngo-1931, yaye baya kuphela kule Roosevelt ngo-1936. Needrafti zokuqala kwedama ukuvela 1920. Hoover xesha ngumphathiswa kurhwebo yaba lilungu le Khomishoni abajongene neprojekthi edamini. Ngenxa yakhe, wakwazi yokuhambisa amanzi ukuya ezantsi California kunye nophuhliso wezolimo lwasekhaya, kwakunye ukunqanda entabeni umlambo eneenkani.