Abaqulunqi ababalaseleyo boKuvuselela

Umlando uJules Michelet kwiXesti yeXIX waqala wasebenzisa umxholo we "Renaissance". Abaculi kunye nabaqambi, okuza kuxoxwa ngalo kwinqaku, belixesha eliqalwe kwikhulu le-XIV, xa ukulawulwa kwecawa kuthathwa indawo yenkcubeko yelizwe kunye nomdla wayo kumntu.

UMculo woKuvuselela

Amazwe aseYurophu ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo angena kwixesha elitsha. Ngaphambili, iingcamango zobuntu zavela eItali, kodwa kwiziko lezomculo lalilawulwa kwisikolo saseNetherlands, apho okwakhiwa okokuqala ngqungquthela (iindlovu ezikhethekileyo) zadalwa kwiinkedorrals, zifundisa abaqambi bexesha elizayo. Iintlobo eziphambili zelo xesha zimelelwe etafileni:

Abaqambi abadumileyo beNtlawulelo eNetherlands nguGuillaume Dufay, uJacob Obrecht, uJosken Depre.

Abakhulu baseNetherlands

UJohannes Okegem wafundiswa kwietriki yaseTeam Dame (iAntwerp), kwaye kwiminyaka yama-40 yekhulu le-15 waba ngumkhethili wenkundla ekhosini likaDuke Charles I (France). Emva koko, wayekhokela kwintlanganiso yendlu yenkosi. Emva kokuba ehlala ebudaleni kakhulu, washiya ilifa elihle kuzo zonke iindidi, ezizimeleyo njenge-polyphonist evelele. Sifinyelele kwisicatshulwa sesigxina sakhe se-13 esibizwa ngokuba yi-Chigi codex, enye yayo ifakwe ngevoti ezi-8. Wayesebenzisanga abantu abangaziwa kuphela, kodwa kunye neengoma zakhe.

U-Orlando Lasso wazalwa kwintsimi yeBelgium yamanje (iMons) ngo-1532. Amakhono akhe omculo abonakaliswe ebusaneni. Le nkwenkwe yabanjwe kathathu ukusuka ekhaya ukuze yenze umculi omkhulu. Ubomi bakhe bonke abaye bachitha eBavaria, apho enkundleni yeDuke u-Albrecht V wenza njengendoda, waza wabuyela kwintlanganiso. Iqela lakhe lobugcisa kakhulu lincedise ekutshintsheni kweMunich kwiziko lemculo laseYurophu, apho abaninzi abaqambi be-Renaissance abadumileyo bavakatye.

Kuye kwafika ezo talente njengoJohn Eckard, uLeonard Lechner, isiNtaliyane D. Gabrieli . Ukuphephela kwakhe kokugqibela ngowe-1594, wafumana kwimimandla yeCawa yaseMunich, eshiya ifa le-grandiose: i-motets ezingaphezu kwe-750, amashumi ama-60 kunye namakhulu eengoma, phakathi kwezona zinto ezaziwa kakhulu nguSusanne un jour. Iimotethi zakhe (Iziprofeto zeSibyls) zahluke kwizinto ezintsha, kodwa uyaziwa ngokuba ngumculo welizwe, apho kwakukho amaninzi amaninzi (Vilanella O bella fusa).

Isikolo saseTaliyane

Abaqambi abakhulu be-Renaissance base-Italia, ngaphezu kweendlela eziqhelekileyo, ukuhlakulela umculo womculo (iqumrhu, izixhobo zomculo, intloko). Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo sasingumlenze, kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 i-harpsichord ibonakale, i-forerunner ye-pianoforte. Ngokusekelwe kumacandelo omculo womculo, izikolo eziphambili ezinomqulunqo ziphuhlisiwe: amaRoma (Giovanni Palestrina) kunye neVenetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

UGiovanni Pierluigi wathatha igama elinguPalestina egama le dolophu kufuphi neRoma, apho azalwe waza wakhonza ecaweni enkulu njengomculi weengcali kunye nomlobi. Umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe ulinganiselwa, kodwa wafa ngo-1594. Ngethuba lobomi obude wabhala malunga ne-100 ubunzima kunye nee-motets ezingama-200. "Ubungqina bePapa uMarkella" bangela ukunyaniseka kukaPapa Pius IV waza waba ngumzekelo wemimandla engumKatolika. UGiovanni nguye ummeli onamandla kakhulu wokuhlabelela amagama ngaphandle kwengoma yomculo.

U-Andrea Gabrieli, kunye nomfundi wakhe nomntakwabo uGiovanni, basebenza kwiChapel yaseSt. Mark (i-XVI leminyaka), "umbala" wokucula ngengoma kunye nesandi kunye nezinye izinto. Isikolo saseVenice sasikhangwa kumculo welizwe, kwaye ukuveliswa kwe-Oedipus nguSophocles kwinqanaba lika-Andrea Gabrieli labhalwa ngumculo weeyimbadi, isampula ye-polyphony ye-choral kunye ne-harbinger ye-opera ezayo.

Izixhobo zesikolo saseJamani

Umhlaba waseJamani utyunjwe uLudwig Senfl , oyipolisi yeyona nxalenye yekhulu le-16, kodwa, kodwa, akazange afinyelele kumgangatho wama-Dutch master. Iingoma zezibongo-iingoma ezivela kwinani labagcisa (meistersinger) nazo ziyimvumi ekhethekileyo ye-Renaissance. Abaqambi baseJamani babemele iinkampani zokucula: izitini, abacuki, abaqhankqalazi. Bahlangene kwintsimi. UHans Sachs (iminyaka yobomi: 1494-1576) waba ngummeli obalaseleyo weSikole seNuremberg.

Wazalelwa kwintsapho yomntu, usebenze bonke ubomi bakhe njengesihlangu, eshaya ngokufunda kwakhe kunye nomculo kunye nezinto ezifundwayo. Wafunda iBhayibhile ekuchazeni umguquleli omkhulu uLuther, wazazi iibongozi zakudala waza waxabisa uBoccaccio. Ukuba ngumculi wesizwe, uSachs wayengenayo iifolphoni, kodwa wadala iingoma zengoma yesandi. Babesondele kumdaniso, bakhunjulwa ngokulula kwaye babe nesigqi esithile. Umsebenzi ogqwesileyo kuninzi "iSiliva Tune".

Ukuhlaziywa kwezaziso: abaculi kunye nabaqambi baseFransi

Isiqhelo somculo saseFransi safumana ukuvuselelwa kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-16, xa umhlaba waselungisa umhlaba.

Omnye wabameli abalungileyo nguKleman Janeken . Kuyaziwa ukuba wazalwa eChtellerault (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV) kwaye wahamba esuka kwinkwenkwe-ngumbhali kumqambi womntu. Ukususela kwilifa lakhe lokudala kuphela iingoma zomhlaba ezipapashwe yi-Attenyan zigcinwe. Kukho i-260 kubo, kodwa abo baphumelele ukuvavanywa kwexesha baye bafumana ukuthandwa okwenene: "Ukucula kweenyoni", "Ukuzingela", "Skylark", "iMfazwe", "Ukukhala kweParis". Bahlala bephinda bephinda batyhicilelwe kwaye basetyenziswe ngabanye abalobi ukulungiselela.

Iingoma zakhe zazininzi kwaye zafana neziqwenga ze-choral, ngaphezu kwe-onomatopoeia kunye namazwi aphilileyo, kukho izibhengezo ezibangelwa ukuguqulwa komsebenzi. Le nto yayingumzamo onokuzama ukufumana iindlela ezintsha zeefoto.

Phakathi kwabaculi abadumileyo baseFransi nguGuillaume Cotle, uJacques Modui, uJean Baif, uClaude Lejeune, uClaude Goodymel , owanike umculo isimo esivumelanayo esakhuthaza ukufaniswa komculo kuluntu jikelele.

Abaqambi be-Renaissance: eNgilani

Inkulungwane ye-15 eNgilani yathonyelwa yimisebenzi kaJohn Dabsteel , kunye no-XVI nguWilliam Byrd . Bobabini abanamakhosi baxhomekeke kumculo ongokomoya. Inyoni yaqala njengomloli wekontraki eLincoln, yaphela umsebenzi wayo kwiRoyal Chapel yaseLondon. Ngesihlandlo sokuqala wakwazi ukuxhuma umculo kunye nosomashishini. Ngo-1575, ngokubambisana noTallis, umqambi waba ngumlawuli wendalo ekupapashwe kwemisebenzi yomculo, engazange iyenze inzuzo. Kodwa kuthatha ixesha elide ukukhusela amalungelo abo kwipropati. Emva kokufa kwakhe (1623) kwiimibhalo ezisemthethweni ze-chapel, wabizwa ngokuthi "ukhokho womculo".

Yintoni abashiye ngayo abaqambi abakhulu be-Renaissance? I-Byrd, ngaphezu kweengqokelela ezipapashwe (i-Cantionses Sacrae, i-Gradualia), igcina imiqulu eminingi, iwaqwalasela ngokufanelekileyo ukulungiselela unqulo lwasekhaya. Kamva ipapashwe ama-madrigals (i-Musica Transalpina) yabonisa impembelelo enkulu yabalobi be-Italiya, kodwa iMasses kunye neMotets eziliqela zangena kwi-golden gold yomculo oyingcwele.

ISpeyin: iCristobal de Morales

Abameli abasemgangathweni besikolo somculo waseSpain badlula iVatican, bethetha kwi-chapel chapel. Baziva beempembelelo zabalobi baseDatshi nabaseTaliyane, ngoko ke bambalwa kuphela abaphumelele ukuba badumiwe ngaphandle kwelizwe labo. Abaqambi be-Renaissance baseSpain beyi-polyphonists ekwakheni imisebenzi ye-choral. Ummeli obalaseleyo nguCristobal de Morales (inkulungwane ye-16), okhokela i-metrology eToledo kwaye akazange alungise umfundi omnye. Umlandeli kaJosquin Despres, uCristobal uqalise inkqubo ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi embalwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-homophonic.

Izona zidumileyo ziyi-quicki ezimbini zombhali (owokugqibela - amavoti amahlanu), kunye nobunzima "Indoda enamandla". Kwakhona wabhala imisebenzi yelizwe (i-cantata ehloniphekileyo kwisigqibo somnqophiso woxolo ngo-1538), kodwa oku kusebenza kwimisebenzi yakhe yangaphambili. Isihloko ekupheleni kobomi be-chapel eMalaga, waqhubeka engumbhali wengoma engcwele.

Endaweni yokugqiba

Abaqambi be-Renaissance kunye nemisebenzi yabo baye balungiselela ukugquma kwemimandla yomsindo we-XVII inkulungwane kunye nokuvela kolwahlulo olutsha - i-opera, apho ubunzima bomnye okhokela ingoma enzulu buza kutshintsha iimbandezelo zamagama amaninzi. Benza ukuphumelela kwangempela ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko yomculo kwaye babeka isiseko sobugcisa bwanamhlanje.