Abiogenesis - yintoni na le nto?

Eminyaka ubudala imbali yoluntu uyazi yeengcinga ezininzi malunga ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ngalo mba, kukho iingongoma ezimbini malunga ngokupheleleyo umbono. Omnye wabo uthi evukayo ezingaphiliyo - i abiogenesis. Eyesibini linoluvo lokuba abaphilileyo kuvela kuphela abaphilayo - i biogenesis. Yintoni umahluko phakathi ngobhalo biogenesis ka abiogenesis, zama ukuqonda eli nqaku.

imibono History

Ideas malunga ngemvelaphi yobomi nto zingqamene ngokucacileyo inqanaba ulwazi ixesha elithile. Kumaxesha amandulo, xa ulwazi ezincinane lazola, ingcamango imvelaphi yokuphila hit fantastic yayo. Nazi ezinye izimvo zefilosofi kunye zemvelo yexesha elidlulileyo. Umzekelo, Empedocles (V BC.) Wayekholelwa ukuba imithi ithwale amaqanda. Aristotle (. IV BC) wabonisa ukuba iintwala zivela inyama, kunye bugs - umzimba wesilwanyana juice. Ezi nemibono kwisizukulwana ezizenzekelayo nobomi yayikhona kuze phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII, xa IsiNgesi sobulumko uFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) ithiyori, kwaye ugqirha Italian F. Redi (1626-1698) kunye Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) kuphantse kwaba nakwenzeka kwisizukulwana ezizenzekelayo ubomi . Kungelo xesha baqala ukwenza ngamaqela amabini aphikisanayo, le mibono ezimbini macala kuphela lobomi - biogenesis kunye abiogenesis.

A bit mbono

Phantsi Abiogenesis (ukusuka consoles kuphika Greek - a, bio - ubomi EYEZIQALO - ukubonakala) ukuqonda imfundiso isahlakalo kwezakhiwo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo ingaphandle a esiphilayo. Ngokubanzi abiogenesis - oko ingcamango malunga ngemvelaphi yobomi evela non. Kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka ucacise into eyenza ubomi zingasaphili xa uba uyaphila. Yaye ekubeni definition namhlanje ubomi itolikwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka izimvo ezahlukeneyo, njengoko abaxhasi abiogenesis kunye biogenesis uhlala khona.

Ubomi imfundiso abiogenesis

Kulo mbono, eyona nto ibalulekileyo zithathwa ukuba iikhrayitheriya yemfuza yokuzivelela ocacisa ubomi. Yonke eminye imiqathango - thermodynamic nokusingqongileyo - ithathwa aphakamileyo. Izibonelelo imbono abiogenesis hypothesis ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Philisa nezinto ezingaphiliyo zahluke kumafa kwemichiza kunye neempawu (ukutya). Yonke imibono kule ndawo ibizwa ngokuba abiogenesis ezinto eziphilayo.
• Ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth oko, ngokwendalo, kunye namandla free. Le Isiphumo imbonakalo-oganikhi khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo esuka kwiQela elula nokufika reactions amatsha zeekhemikhali therebetween. Yonke imibono ngemvelaphi yobomi yale ndawo kuthiwa geocentric.
• Iimpawu eziphambili kunye neempawu nabaphilayo - lo ukutshintshiselana izinto, ukuzeyisa lokwanda ngohlobo lwazo, ufuzo kunye nomahluko.

Ngenxa yoko, abiogenesis - i ngcamango geocentric nemichiza ukuchaza imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Ubomi ngenxa biogenesis

Biogenesis unika kuqala iipropati thermodynamic nokusingqongileyo ezahlula nabaphilayo engaphili. iindlela Ngoko yemfuza, hormone yokuzivelela zithathwa yokuzikhethela. biogenesis yengqiqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• izinto Live, kwakunye ezingaphiliyo - ezi zikarhulumente ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo kunye engenakususwa mbandela. Le mbono kuthiwa zendalo.
• Obizwa (entropy ngxabano) kunye nenkqubo (Dynamic Stability kunye ngaphantsi ubudlelwane) kwicandelo - ezi iimpawu eziphambili neempawu yobomi.
• Ubomi intsukaphi iphela, kunye semvelo soMhlaba - ukubonakalisa ephilileyo le Cosmos. Le mbono kuthiwa isithuba.

Biogenesis, ngoko theory cosmocentric emzimbeni ngemvelaphi yobomi.

imibono mihla

Iinzululwazi zale mihla yemboniselo ukuba ihlanganise zonke izinto zibe kwinkqubo elidityanisiweyo ulwazi malunga nendlela izinto ezingaphiliyo lwaba eziphilayo. Njengoko kakhulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba umendo yokwehla ophilayo inzululwazi yanamhlanje iyavuma ukuba isanda - i abiogenesis. Kwaye iqulathe izigaba ezithathu zaseprayimari:

• Ukuvela monomers eziphilayo.
• Ukwenziwa neeplastikhi eziphilayo.
• Ukufika izakhiwo inwebu lenyama zaseprayimari - protobionts.

yophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuya kwaba lula - by iindlela kwindaleko Darwin (lufuzo, ukuguquka kunye nokukhetha).

ukwakheka Abiotic of imveliso zomgquba,

kwemvelo Chemical okanye prebiological abiogenesis - oku kuqhubekayo eziphilayo izinto ezivela ezingaphiliyo. Ngowe-1924, i-Russian academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) wacebisa ukuba iikhompawundi eziphakamileyo ubunzima bemolekyuli isisombululo ifumile ukusekwa ngokuzenzekelayo zone eyandileyo zoqhaphelo (amathontsi coacervate okanye coacervates), apho uyazimela kokusingqongileyo, kodwa ke igcinwa exchange. theory Oparin ngowe-1929, inkxaso-nzulu British Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), kunye nenzululwazi ngokuqinileyo theory of coacervates, nto leyo ibandakanya isizukulwana yazenzekela kwezinto eziphilayo nisaqala uphuhliso umhlaba kunye neemeko ezizodwa emzimbeni.

Ubungqina hypothesis of abiogenesis

Ekuqaleni zingqina amathuba kuyondelelaniswe ezizenzekelayo kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwiQela akunakwenzeka. Namhlanje, Noko ke, sele kudlule zigaba ezithile kunye neziphumo ezifunyenweyo.

Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-1953 xa ekhemisi Stanley Miller kunye Harold C. Urey waqhuba ulingelo nge umhluzi ephambili (ngoLwesithathu, prebiotic-ezifana on Earth). Yokufika amandla (ukuya kutsho kuma-60 amawaka nganye) phantsi koxinzelelo kwaye kubushushu degrees 80 Celsius neziphumo ukuyilwa okunamafutha acid, urea kunye acids ezininzi acid (protein monomers). Ngo-2008 ezi ngcali American udale "protocells" kunye inwebu, ngo-2011 ezi ngcali Japanese aye apapasha umsebenzi ukudalwa vesicles kunye iqokobhe kunye nokukwazi ukwahlula.

precariousness yezikhundla

Nangona ukuhambela phambili zebhayoloji zovavanyo ukuzama ukuqinisekisa imfundiso Oparin-Haldane ngemvelaphi ubomi emhlabeni ngo coacervates, kodwa zonke izakhiwo ngenxa bakude isakhiwo iiseli ophilileyo. Uluntu jikelele ungayamkeli la mava njengobungqina engenakuphikiswa oku imvelaphi yobomi. Njengoko biogenesis kunye abiogenesis - oku theory mhla ayiqinisekiswanga ngokomfuniselo. Sisazi ukuba umendo ukusuka iimolekyuli zondle kwiiseli eziphilileyo bekukho elide, a lot of iifolokhwe endleleni nezingxi, izazinzulu ihlala liyavumelana kuphela ukuba oku kwakuya kwenza indlela. Ke zonke ezi yeengcinga musa ukungqina ukuba yonke into kanye eyenzekayo ngomhla Earth iibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Kwenzeke ngempela

Le randomness ye ukwenzeka eliphilayo kwi isuphu ekwakuphila sibalwa ngokwezibalo. yezibalo British Fred Hall kunye nokusetyenziswa iikhompyutha namhlanje ibalwa amathuba ukwakheka random kweziyi amoeba. Kwaye lo amathuba okuba ke okungenamsebenzi - 1/10 * 40000. Khumbula, oku kwezinye iimeko ezifanelekileyo. Kwaye oku kukhokelela kwezinye ngumfanekiso anike iingxoxo abaxhasi nezinye kunye concepts ngemvelaphi ubomi emhlabeni.

amazing kungenzeka

Kodwa njengokuba usazi, yonke into isihlobo. On iplanethi yethu kwaye kwihlabathi lethu - yinto inyani. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa eya kwenza wonder - ngaba ngenene, kwehla onjalo kunokwenzeka, njengokuba imvelaphi yobomi kwi isuphu ekwakuphila.

• Ukuba nobomi loluntu wayeza kuba iminyaka eli-100 000, thina eqinisekiswe (okt 100%) baye bafa kwingozi moya.
• Amathuba ukuwina ilotto Cool yezigidi-1 ngo-5200 000. Ukanti American uValerie Wilson waphumelela ibhaso phezulu kabini: ngo-2002 no-2006.
• Ngo-2009 yawa amanani efanayo (4 15 23 24 35 42) iLotto Bulgarian "6 of 41" kwi circulations ezimbini kunye umahluko seentsuku 4. Amathuba lo mcimbi 3,61 • 10 ^-14.