Affairs Watergate eUnited States: Imbali

wathandana Watergate - yayisothusa lezopolitiko kwenzeka eMelika ngo-1972, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yokurhoxa owayengumongameli - Richarda Niksona. Esi sisihlandlo sokuqala kwaye okwangoku kuphela kwimbali American xa umongameli yokuphila kwakhe, ngaphambi kwexesha washiya post yakhe. Igama elithi "Watergate" nangoku kuthathwa njengophawu urhwaphilizo, okubi, nolwaphulo-mthetho kwicala ngabasemagunyeni. Namhlanje siyazi nani, ukuba iimeko yaba umcimbi Watergate kwi-US, njengoko yayisothusa elisakhulayo yaye yintoni wayisa.

Ukuqala inkonzo yezopolitiko Richarda Niksona

Ngowe-1945, Republican oneminyaka eli-33 ubudala, Nixon waphumelela isitulo kaKhongolose. Ngelo xesha yena wayesele esaziwa ngenxa yeenkolelo zakhe anti-yobukomanisi ukuba imigaqo akazange athandabuze lokubonisa kuluntu. umsebenzi Nixon ezopolitiko liqulunqe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, yaye ngo-1950 waba leNdlu yeeNgwevu omncinane waseUnited States of kwimbali yaseMelika.

Abezopolitiko Young kwangaphambili amathuba amahle. Ngowe-1952, i-US uMongameli Eisenhower yangoku abatyunjiweyo kamongameli Nixon kaThixo. Noko ke, oku akuzange kwenzeke.

Ingxabano lokuqala

Enye yezinto eziphambili amaphephandaba New York icala Nixon of ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kwemali phulo. Kwakhona Ukongeza izityholo ezinzulu baba funny kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho iintatheli, Nixon wachitha yinxalenye imali yokuthenga injana cocker spaniel abantwana babo. Ukuphendula ngezityholo wezopolitiko wenza intetho kumabonakude. Kakade ke, yena wakhanyela yonke, ubanga ukuba akazange ebomini bakhe zange benze izenzo ezingekho mthethweni yokuziphatha nako ngawe ngobulungisa bakhe umsebenzi kwezopolitiko. Inja, ngokutsho ummangalelwa, abantwana bakhe nje thaca. Ekugqibeleni, Nixon uthe akayi ukuba emke kwezopolitiko kwaye musa nje ukunika up. Phela, ibinzana efanayo yena uthetha emva Watergate kwihlazo, kodwa ngaloo kamva.

fiasco double

Ngowe-1960, Richard Nixon wenza run yakhe yokuqala ye-Ofisi kaMongameli of America. imbangi yakhe yaba George Kennedy, ngubani kugqatso nje ayilungelelene. Kennedy lidumile kwaye ohlonelwayo ekuhlaleni, ngoko boyisiwe usecicini ngokubanzi. Kwiinyanga ezili-11 emva kokuba baqeshwe Kennedy njengoko uMongameli Nixon utyunjwe ngenxa isithuba irhuluneli of California, kodwa walahlekelwa apha. Emva lahluleka kabini, wayecinga ukuba ushiye njani lo mgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa njengokufuna amandla wazinika inani layo.

umongameli neofisi yakhe

Ngowe-1963, xa Kennedy uhlaselwe, yena indawo yi Lindon Dzhonson. Wamelana kakuhle kakhulu umsebenzi wayo. Xa ngexesha lonyulo olulandelayo, imeko Melika mbi kakhulu - eVietnam, leyo yayitsala kakhulu, nto ebangele uqhankqalazo lonke eUnited States. Johnson wagqiba ukuba akayi kufuna kwekota yesibini, nto leyo engalindelekanga kakhulu ukuba uluntu yezopolitiko kunye noluntu. Nixon ayikwazanga miss eli thuba waza wavakalisa candidacy yakhe umongameli. Ngowe-1968, ngaphambi ummelwane wakhe kwesiqingatha ekhulwini, wayiqhubela White House.

Merit

Kakade ke, Nixon ukude kwiinkokheli enkulu eMelika, kodwa ayithi ukuba umongameli imbi kwimbali US. Yena kunye nolawulo lwakhe nako ukusombulula imbambano Melika ngaphandle Vietnam iingxabano nokuba bunjani neentlobano zokwazana China.

Ngowe-1972, Nixon weza ukutyelela ngokusemthethweni ukuze eMoscow. Nakule ubudlelane phakathi kwe US kunye yiSoviet Union, yaba wokuqala loo ntlanganiso. Wazala inani lezivumelwano ebalulekileyo ubudlelwane bala mazwe kunye nokuncitshiswa iingalo.

Kodwa ngaxa lithile lonke udumo ukuya United States Nixon ngokoqobo yanto. Kwanele iintsuku ezimbalwa. Njengoko unokuba ugqibe isizathu sokuba loo - umcimbi Watergate.

lwezepolitiki

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba longquzulwano phakathi Democrats kwaye Republican eUnited States sele ingqalelo eziqhelekileyo. Abameli ngamaqela amabini phantse nabo bafumana ulawulo karhulumente, ukutyhala abaviwa babo ukuba unyulo kunye nokuqinisekisa enkulu nenkxaso yabo. Kakade ke, uloyiso ngalunye kuzisa uvuyo inkulu oyiphumeleleyo iqela kunye iqela elikhulu ukuphoxeka. Ukuze ufumane siyinqobe kombane, abafundi badla ezibukhali kwaye ikhapitali nomzabalazo. Kwimeko ingena buvuvu, ubumdaka kunye nezinye iindlela emdaka.

Xa omnye okanye omnye wezopolitiko ufumana izintso, ubomi bakhe iba umlo wokwenene. Wonke umntu, nkqu mpazamo incinane iba sisihlandlo okhuphisana ukuthatha avanyisa. Ukuze azikhusele kwimpembelelo iqela lezopolitiko, uMongameli kufuneka uthathe isixa esikhulu yesenzo. Njengoko kuboniswe yi ityala Watergate, Nixon kulo mba akalingani.

I Secret Service kunye nezinye izixhobo namandla

Xa hero of incoko yethu xa eneminyaka engama-50 beza ngumongameli omnye eziphambili wakhe yaba kukudala ubomi siqu mfihlakalo. Injongo yawo esweni abachasi kwaye kusenokwenzeka abachasi kamongameli. Phakathi umthetho ngoxa betyeshela. Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba Nixon waba bamamele umnxeba iincoko kontanga yayo. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1970, waya kude ngakumbi; Ubanike go-phambili kwiinkonzo efihlakeleyo nesektsionnyh uphengulula Democrats congressional. UMongameli zazidlala indlela "Yahlula kwaye lulawulo".

Ukuze ziye umboniso anti-imfazwe, wasebenzisa iinkonzo sisusa mafia. Andiwaboni amapolisa, nto leyo ithetha ukuba akukho namnye unako ukuthi uRhulumente ugatya amalungelo oluntu kunye nemithetho zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Nixon akazange ukuphepha ihlebo kunye ukunyoba. Xa ekusuhi enye ngeenxa yokhetho, wagqiba ekubeni acele uncedo amagosa. Namasalela wamphatha abathembekileyo, ndambuza malunga imibuzo kweerhafu abantu ingeniso iphantsi. Ukuba abonelele ngolwazi, kwakungenakwenzeka, kodwa umongameli waphikelela, ebonisa ngokoyisa amandla abo.

Ngokubanzi, Nixon waba lezobupolitika yokugxeka kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba ujonga lezopolitiko, ngokwemiqathango izibakala owomileyo, abantu abanyanisekileyo apho ukufumana nzima kakhulu. Kwaye ukuba zinqongophele khona, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi nje yokugubungela zingaphi iitreki zabo. hero yethu akunjalo, yaye abaninzi bamazi ngayo.

"Unit ngaBatywini"

Ngowe-1971, unyaka phambi kokuba ukhetho olulandelayo wahlala nje unyaka, iphephandaba "New York Times" epapashwe kwenye emagumbini CIA inkcazelo eyimfihlo malunga inyathelo emkhosini eVietnam. Nangona isibakala sokuba igama Nixon likaThixo engakhankanywanga kweli nqaku, ngokuba wathandabuza kwisakhono irhuluneli kunye nabasebenzi bakhe xa iyonke. Nixon wathabatha umbandela njengomngeni lobuqu.

Kungekudala emva koko, oko yayiququzelelwe ekuthiwa-division of plumbers - inkonzo ezifihlakeleyo, hlola, hayi nje kuphela. Uphando olwenziwa kamva wabonisa ukuba abasebenzi kwale nkonzo eziqulunqile izicwangciso zokuhlangabezana abantu, bacinezele umongameli, kwakunye na ukuphazamiseka Rally ezigcinwe yi Democrats. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha lokhankaso lolonyulo, Nixon kwafuneka ukubhenela "ngumtywini" kaninzi ngaphezu ngexesha ngokwesiqhelo. UMongameli wayekulungele ukuya konke, wakhethwa ukuba kwikota yesibini. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ogqithisileyo lombutho zaseMelika kwakhokelela kwihlazo, leyo waziwa ngokuba Watergate ndaba. Kuthathelwe - alithethi kuphela impixano, kodwa lo uncitshiswe kancinane.

Indlela kwenzeka

IKomiti ikomkhulu US Democratic Party ngelo xesha kwihotele "Watergate." Ngobunye ubusuku Juni ngo-1972, ihotele kuquka amadoda amahlanu kunye iimpahla abatywini e iiglavu zerabha. Kungenxa yoko le nto intlangano zaseMelika kamva yaziwa ngokuba plumbers. Kwakuhlwa bona ngokungqongqo schema. Noko ke, ngengozi semfene izenzo iintlola ayizange yenzeke. Bandifikela alindayo ngesiquphe bagqiba kwelokuba babe yafakwa nezingacwangciselwanga. Xa undwendwe engalindelekanga, walandela imiyalelo wabiza amapolisa.

Ubungqina waba ngaphezu isigqibo. Chief phakathi kwabo - ukuba ndimaphule emnyango kwekomkhulu Democrats. Ekuqaleni kukhangeleke ngathi ukuphanga elula, kodwa kufuna ngokucokisekileyo amabala kwafunyaniswa ukuba izityholo ezinzima kakhulu. enforcers uMthetho wafumana izikrelemnqa izixhobo lokurekhoda ezintsonkothileyo. Oko yaqala uphando kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni, Nixon wazama rasta phezulu kwihlazo, kodwa phantse yonke imihla ukufumana izibakala ezintsha, lokuvula ubuso bakhe, "izinambuzane", elasekwa kwikomkhulu Democrats, ukurekhoda iincoko esenzeka House White kunye nolunye ulwazi. Congress wacela uMongameli anike uphando zonke iirekhodi, Noko ke, Nixon wabonisa kuphela abanye babo. Ngokwendalo, oku akuzange okuhlangabezana abaphandi. Kulo mzekelo, siye ayengavumelekanga nkqu ukusilela nje. Ngenxa yoko, kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba afihle Nixon - imizuzu engama-18 ukurekhoda, yena zingacimeka. Oku ayikwazanga ukufunyanwa, kodwa akunamsebenzi, kuba izinto lokusinda waba ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa ngezenzo umongameli umphakathi ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Wayesakuba sisandla kamongameli Alexander Butterfield wayesithi ukuba iincoko kwi-White House ukuba sibonwe. Njengoko ingxoxo obupheleleyo, wakhankanya ukuba ngemihla Franklin Roosevelt wenza iirekhodi ezisemthethweni zezingxoxo kamongameli. Kodwa kwanokuba siyavumelana nale ngxoxo, Inyaniso kukuba ukuphulaphula kwabachasi kwezopolitiko, ongayi kuba nako ugwetyelwe. Ingakumbi 1967 omamele ivalwe kwinqanaba mthetho.

Affairs Watergate eUnited States wabangela ekuvakaleni kwelizwi olukhulu. Njengoko uphando ibe yinto yoluntu lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1973, amagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho zabonisa ukuba Nixon liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo benze yanyhashwa ngokunxulumene ekuhlawuleni irhafu. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umongameli wasebenzisa isixa esikhulu kwemali karhulumente ngenxa yokuba baqonda ukuba iimfuno zobuqu.

Affairs Watergate: isigwebo

Ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe Nixon wakwazi ukweyisela uluntu umsulwa, kodwa eli xesha kwakungenakwenzeka. Xa ngelo xesha uMongameli watyholwa ukuthenga injana, kodwa ngoku umbuzo kwamakhaya ezimbini iziyolo eCalifornia Florida. "NgaBatywini" batyholwa of iyelenqe waza wabanjwa. Kodwa ke intloko karhulumente suku ngalunye ngakumbi nangakumbi abayithandi House White kunye nonesi yakhe.

Ngenkani kodwa watsho bazama ukuphelisa ityala lakhe waza wabeka kusisithintelo phezu Watergate ndaba. Ngokufutshane chaza ngowayesakuba ngumongameli urhulumente kunokwenzeka, i "kumzabalazo kusinda" binzana. Ngenkuthalo ephawulekayo uMongameli wala ukushiya lakhe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, oko naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko Ndandingazimiselanga ukuba ashiye isithuba ukuba wamiselwa ngabantu. Abantu American, ke, abazange bade bacinge ukuba ukuxhasa Nixon. Bonke kwakhokelela ekubeni kuthathelwe. Congressmen babezimisele ukususa ngumongameli ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo.

Emva kophando ngokupheleleyo weNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye House of Representatives wenza isigwebo sabo. Babaqonda ukuba Nixon ndaziphatha ngokungafanelekanga ukuba umongameli kunye indlela ukujongela phantsi komyalelo ngumgaqo-siseko States. Kuba lo wasuswa kwi ofisi thaca phambi kwenkundla. Affairs Watergate yaba isizathu yokurhoxa kumongameli, kodwa loo nto bonke. Enkosi ezirekhodiweyo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ezopolitiko ezininzi ukusuka layo kamongameli rhoqo gadalala ofisi, wathabatha isicengo, ekuhleni umnwe kubachasi babo. Akumangalisi inkoliso yabantu baseMerika ayikho into yokuba abaphezulu wafumana abantu ngokungafanelekileyo, nokuba urhwaphilizo lifikelele obungaka. Isibakala sokuba kube kutshanje kwaba umnyinyiva kwaye kunokukhokelela imiphumo vuhlayiseki, iye yaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo.

ukuba ehle

August 9, 1974 ixhoba engundoqo ityala Watergate Richard Nixon waya ekhaya, eshiya ngumongameli. Unetyala, ngokwemvelo, akazange aqaphele. Kamva, bekhumbula kwihlazo, yena athi, njengokuba umongameli, wenza impazamo kwaye wenza uthingaza. Oko aweyefuna ukuyithetha njalo? Loluphi uhlobo inyathelo isigqibo ngawo? Mhlawumbi ngenxa edakeni uluntu ezongezelelweyo kumagosa kunye nabantu abasenyongweni. Ingaba Nixon uzohamba avume omkhulu onjalo? Kungenzeka, zonke ezi ngxelo nje ukuzama ukuzithethelela.

luyinto Watergate namaphephandaba

Indima eendaba kuphuhliso kwihlazo yaba isigqibo ngokucacileyo. Ngokutsho ngumphandi American kaSamuweli Huntington, ngexesha kwihlazo Watergate, oko eendaba yaphosa intloko karhulumente kunye nomnxeba ngenxa umonakalo ongenakulungiseka za. Enyanisweni, lo matshini wenza into awayengakwazanga nako naliphi na iziko kwimbali US - iye ndayihluthwa umongameli post yakhe, yena wafumana, ngenkxaso kwisininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto affair Watergate nokuprintwa zamaphephandaba US nangoku ukumela ulawulo kwamandla kunye ngokoyisa kumaphephandaba.

anika umdla

Igama elithi "Watergate" exabileyo slang yezopolitiko kumazwe amaninzi. Ibhekisela kwihlazo ekhokelele ekubeni kuthathelwe. Ke igama elithi "esangweni" iye yaba isimamva, nto leyo isetyenziswa kwisihloko-nkqubo omtsha, hayi nje kumanyundululu. Umzekelo: Monikageyt phantsi Clinton, Reagan Irangate inkampani scam lwemoto "Volkswagen" igama Dizelgeytom njalo njalo.

Affairs Watergate eUnited States (1974) ngaphezulu kanye ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo uboniswa kuluncwadi, ifilim kunye ivideo imidlalo yokuzonwabisa.

isiphelo

Namhlanje siye safumanisa kuwe ukuba umcimbi Watergate - impi evelileyo eUnited States ebudeni bolawulo Richarda Niksona kwaye kwakhokelela yokurhoxa kwe yokugqibela. Kodwa ke njengokuba ubona, le nkcazo kunokuba ngokuvimba ukuchaza lo mcimbi, nokuba ucinga into yokuba, okokuqala kwimbali US, wakhokela umongameli ashiye isithuba sakhe. Affairs Watergate, imbali yayo ngumxholo ingxoxo yethu namhlanje, ri ku cinca enkulu ezingqondweni baseMerika kunye, kwelinye icala, wabonakala ngokoyisa kokusesikweni, yaye kwelinye - inqanaba urhwaphilizo kunye sokugxeka abo ngamandla.