Aldehydes kunye ketones. Iimpawu kunye Yindibanisela iikhompawundi carbonyl

Le ulungelelwaniso equlathe kubume bayo molecule iqela carbonyl le fomu ilandelayo:> C = O, - obizwa ngokuba Oxo-iikhompawundi yaye zahlulwe iindidi ezibanzi ezimbini - aldehydes kunye ketones. Ngokutsho isakhiwo radicals ezizizembiwa, ezi izinto zihlelwa zibe aliphatic, ibhedolaki alicyclic. Ezi molekyuli yokuqala neyesibini luphawulwa liqela carbonyl leyo inxulumene ngqo umsesane benzene okanye chain icala. Aldehydes kunye ketones ngokuzikhanyeza beemolekyuli lwe thotho esinevumba elimnandi, leyo kufuneka iqela ezisebenzayo kwi kwikhonkco ecaleni zilingungele nje avela of iikhompawundi carbonyl aliphatic.

aldehydes enuka ukuba kuhlelwe ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ngokuthi unike iqela carbonyl ibe Likhonkco yebhenzina endaweni electrophilic kunye nokuguqulwa substituents seyinikiwe isakhiwo. Aldehydes kunye ketones ziquka zonke oganikhi khompawundi zezona izidubuli. Ngaphezu koko, owesibini esebenzayo kakhulu ngakumbi ngokwalo imichiza. Kuba aldehydes abasakwazi boqobo igcwala reaction, endaweni, polymerization, ukudibanisa amafu. Ketones kwakhona musa ukuxhasa indlela polymerization.

Ukulungiswa aldehydes enuka kamnandi, ingakumbi iikhompawundi benzaldehyde ngu igcwala of ezizizembiwa umxube womoya namuhla zaveliswa. reactions ezinjalo kwenziwa kwiiplanti zeekhemikali usebenzisa oxides zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo, umz, vanadium oxide. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba Yindibanisela aldehyde enuka enokusetyenziswa iindlela ezisetyenziswa ukulungiselela iikhompawundi ze series aliphatic.

aldehydes enuka zithiwe thaca ubukhulu becala ezingenakunyibilika kwi medium ulwelo zolwelo kunye ivumba yinqobo letela iiamangile ekrakra. I ekude kakhulu ukusuka ijikazi benzene kwiqela carbonyl lo, ukuba, le libukhali uba ivumba zabo. aldehydes enuka iimpawu imichiza apho ubukhulu becala efanayo, kunye iikhompawundi ezifanayo aliphatic ngenxa impembelelo sobabini ring benzene kunye neqela carbonyl, ilifa iipropati imichiza ethile ezithile kunye neempawu zomzimba. Umzekelo, ukuba kube lula oxidized ukuya carboxylic acid elandelwa ukuncitshiswa ukuya alkoholi esihambelanayo kunye hydrocarbon. A propionaldehyde, apho ixutywe kakuhle ngeentlobo ezininzi izinyibilikisi komgquba phambi ehlanganisa abafanelekileyo is kuguquka propionic acid kunye hydrogenation - in propanol.

Kuba Yindibanisela ketones enuka kunokuba iindlela ispolzony abaninzi. Umzekelo, inkqubo haydrolisis obrak dihalides geminal, dehydrogenation, igcwala of the ohambelana ezizisekondari iikhompawundi utywala monohydric, kunye nabanye. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo esisiseko lokulungisa ezi zihlanganisi ke acylation of iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi. Zonke aldehydes kunye ketones nokuba liziko electrophilic, basebenzisane ngokupheleleyo ne wezenzi nucleophilic series.

Ezo iikhompawundi enuka kunye substituents electron-unikele kwakhona ngokulula angene ngayo acylation. Ketones lobume molecule izinto ezingamanzi okanye eziqinileyo kunye livumba obuneentyatyambo mnandi, ezingenakunyibilika emanzini, nto leyo evumela ukuba kakhulu ukuba kusetyenziswa kwishishini aqhumisele ngayo.