Amagama angcwele aseRashiya. Ubomi baseSersian

Ubungcwele bubungcwele bentliziyo, befuna amandla angabonakaliyo aphezulu, abonakaliswe kwizipho zoMoya oyiNgcwele njengengqungquthela yemibala enemibala emlonyeni welanga. Abazinikeleyo abaxhamliyo banxibelelwano phakathi kwehlabathi lomhlaba kunye noBukumkani basezulwini. Ukungena ngokukhanya kobabalo bukaThixo, bona, ngokucamngca kukaThixo kunye nobudlelane bakaThixo, baya kufunda ezifihlakeleyo ezingokomoya. Ekubeni ubomi bomhlaba, abangcwele, bafezekisa ukuzithemba ngenxa yeNkosi, bamkele ubabalo obukhulu besityhilelo soBukumkani. Ngokwemfundiso yeBhayibhile, ubungcwele bubungqina bendoda kuThixo, ngubani ophethe ubomi bonke obuphelileyo kunye nomthombo wayo oyingqayizivele.

Yintoni inokwenziwa

Inkqubo yeCawa yokunikezela ilungisa kubangcwele ibizwa ngokuba yi-canonization. Ukhuthaza abakholwayo ukuba bazukise ongcwele owaziwayo kwinkonzo yonqulo. Njengomthetho, ukuhlonelwa kwecawa yokuhlonela uThixo kulandelwa uzuko lwabantu kunye nokuhlonela, kodwa kwakungumsebenzi wokuncedisa owenzela ukuba inkazimulo yabangcwele izukiswe ngokudalwa kwemifanekiso, ukubhala ubomi, ukuhlanganiswa kwemithandazo kunye neenkonzo zecawa. Isizathu sokuba isabelo esisemthethweni sabangcwele sinokuba ngumdla wolungisa, owenziwe nguye izenzo ezintle, ubomi bakhe bonke okanye ukufa kuka-Martyr. Kwaye emva kokufa, umntu unokwazi ukubonakala njengongcwele ngenxa yokungabikho kwempahla yakhe, okanye imimangaliso yokuphilisa eyenzekayo kwiindawo zakhe.

Kwimeko apho unqulo ukhonza unqulo olulodwa, idolophu okanye iindwendwe, bathetha ngedolophu ye-diocesan, i-canonisation yasekuhlaleni.

Ubona icawa esemthethweni kunye nobukho beengcwele ezingaziwa, obungqina bokuhlonela uThixo awaziwa kwibandla lonke lamaKristu. Babizwa ngokuba bahloniphekileyo abalungileyo, kwaye bakhonza i-requiem, ngelixa i-saint ye-canonized isebenza nge-moleben.

Yingakho amagama angcwele aseRashiya, ahlonishwayo kwi-diocese enye, ahluke kwaye ayengaziwa kubafundisi besinye isixeko.

Ngubani oye waxhaswa eRussia

Ukunyamezela kweRashiya wazala abangaphezu kwewaka abafel 'ukholo kunye nabafel' ukholo. Wonke amagama abantu abangcwele bomhlaba waseRussia, ababenokulungiswa, bangeniswa kwiingcwele, okanye abathunywa. Ilungelo lokunikezela elungileyo kubangcwele lalingummandla waseKiev, kwaye kamva iMoscow, iidolophu ezinkulu. I-canonizations yokuqala yandulela ukuthungulwa kweentsikelelo zamalungisa ekudalweni ummangaliso. Ngekhulu le-11 nele-16, ukungcwaba kweenkosana uBoris noGleb, uMninimzi Olga, uTheodosius of Caves, bafunyanwe.

Ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-16, ngaphantsi kweMetropolitan Macarius, ilungelo lokunceda abazalwana bangena kwiibhunga zamabandla phantsi kombingeleli omkhulu. Igunya elingenakuphikiswa leCawa yama-Orthodox eneminyaka engama-600 eyayise-Russia ngelo xesha liqinisekiswa ngabangcwele baseRussia. Uludwe lwamagama alungiswa ngamalungisa ngamabhunga e-Macarii azaliswa ngesikhalazo samaKristu ayingcwele.

Imithetho yaseByzantium yokuncedisa

Ngeli-17 leminyaka, iSonto lama-Orthodox yaseRussia laxhomekeka kwimpembelelo yemithetho yaseByzantine endala yokunikezelwa kwabangcwele. Ngeli thuba, abefundisi babenokwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokuba babekho icawa. Kwakhona, abavakalisi abafanelekileyo abanokholo, kunye nabalingane bokumiswa kwamabandla amatsha kunye neendlunkulu. Kwaye imfuneko yokudala imimangaliso ilahlekelwe yimpumelelo yayo. Ngaloo ndlela, iigorha ezingama-150 zazingenakunyulwa, ngokubanzi zivela kwiidonki kunye nabafundisi abakhulu, kwaye abaNgcwele bawandisa amagama amatsha angama-Orthodox aseRashiya.

Ukuphulukiswa kwefuthe lecawa

Ngekhulu le-18-19, i-Synod Engcwele kuphela yayinelungelo lokuncedisa. Eli xesha libonakaliswe ukwehla kwintsebenzo yesonto kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwefuthe layo kwiinkqubo zentlalo. Ngaphambi kokunyuka esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaNicholas II, kuphela ezine i-canonizations ezenziwe. Ngethuba elifutshane lokulawula kolawulo lweRomanovs, amanye amaKristu angama-7 ayebhalwe njengabangcwele, kwaye abangcwele bancedisa amagama amatsha angcwele aseRussia.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokuqhelekileyo yaqatshelwa kwaye iindawo zomoya zaseRashiya ezihlonishwayo zihlonishwa kwimizuzu yegama, uluhlu lwamagama abo longezelelwe uluhlu lwabaKristu base-Orthodox abafileyo, abaye bafumana iinkonzo zomngcwabo.

Iingonyaniso zanamhlanje

Ukuqala kwexesha langamhlanje lembali ye-canonizations, eqhutywa yiCawa yaseOrthodox yaseRussia, inokuthi ithathwa njengeBhunga leNgingqi, elibanjwe ngo-1917-18, apho iintlanga zaseRussia ezihloniphekileyo uSofroniy Irkutskiy kunye no-Iosif Astrakhansky babalwa njengabangcwele. Emva koko, ngowe-1970, abathathu ababingeleli babesetyenzisiweyo: uHerman wase-Alaska, uMbhishophu omkhulu waseJapan kunye neMetroropoly Innokentiy yaseMoscow naseKolomna.

Ngonyaka we-Millennium wokubhaptizwa kukaRus, i-canonizations entsha yayibanjwe, apho i-Xenia yasePetersburg, uDmitry Donskoy kunye nabanye abangcwele abangama-Orthodox baseRashiya babonwa njengabazalwana.

Ngo-2000, ibhunga leBhishophu iBhunga laqhutyelwa, apho uMbusi uNicholas II kunye namalungu oonyana basebukhosini baseRomanovs "babekholiswa".

Uthotho lokuqala lweCawa yaseOrthodox yaseRashiya

Amagama abantu abangcwele baseRashiya, abaye baxhaswa yiMetropolitan John ngekhulu le-11, baba luhlobo lwezonyaniso bokholo bokwenene lwabantu abasandul 'ukubhaptizwa, ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemimiselo yamaOthodoki. Izikhulu zikaPrince Boris noGleb, oonyana bakaNkosana uVladimir Svyatoslavich, emva kokuxhaswa kwamanyathelo baba ngabalandeli bokuqala basezulwini bamaKristu aseRashiya. UBoris noGleb babulawa ngumzalwana wabo kwi-internecine umzabalazo wetrone yaseKieyi ngo-1015. Ukwazi ukuzama ukubulala, bavuma ukufa ngokuthobeka kobuKristu ngenxa ye-autocracy kunye nokuthula kwabantu babo.

Ukuhlonishwa kweenkosana kwakunomlinganiso wobunzima nangaphambi kokuba kuqaphele ubungcwele babo njengecawa elisemthethweni. Emva kokuxhaswa kweempahla zabazalwana kubonakala kungenakonakala kwaye wabonisa abantu bamandulo imimangaliso yokuphilisa. Kwaye iinkosana ezintsha ezavuka esihlalweni sobukhosi zenza uhambo oluya kwiintlanganiso ezingcwele zifuna iintsikelelo zokulawula okulungileyo kunye nokunceda kwimikhosi yemikhosi. Usuku lomthendeleko weZiNgcwele uBoris noGleb lugubha ngoJulayi 24.

Ukubunjwa kwabazalwana abangcwele baseRashiya

Ukulandela iinqununu uBoris noGleb, umonki uTheodosius weeCaba wayebalwa phakathi kwabangcwele. Okwesibini isingeniso, esenziwa yicawa yaseRussia, yabanjwa ngo-1108. I-Monk Theodosius ithathwa njengoyise waseRashiya kunye nomsunguli, kunye nomcebisi wakhe uAntony, weNdlunkulu yaseKie-Pechersky. Utitshala nomfundi babonise iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuthobela iindwendwe: ukuxhamla okukodwa, ukukhanyela zonke ihlabathi, enye - ukuthobeka kunye nobuchule bokuzukisa uThixo.

Kwiimingcwaba zeeNdlunkulu zeKie-Pechersky, eziphethe amagama wabasunguli, ziphumla iimpendulo ze-118 izivalo zale ndwendwe, ezazihlala ngaphambi nangemva kwejoka laseTatar-Mongol. Baye baxhaswa ngabo bonke ngo-1643, benza inkonzo efanayo, kwaye ngo-1762 amagama angcwele aseRussia afakwe kwiintlanganiso.

UMonk Abraham waseSmolensk

Into encinci iyaziwa malunga nolungisa kwixesha langaphambi kweMongol. I-Avraamiy Smolensky, omnye wabangcwele abambalwa bexesha, malunga neengxelo ezicacileyo ezihlanganiswe ngumfundi wakhe walondolozwa. UAbraham wayehlonishwa ixesha elide kwisixeko sakhe sasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba akhonze i-cathedral yaseMakarievsky ngo-1549. Emva kokunika yonke impahla yabo kumntu osweleyo owasala emva kokufa kwabazali abacebileyo, umntwana weshumi elinesithathu, owazalelwa eNkosini yedwa unyana emva kweentombi ezilishumi elinesibini, uAbraham wayehlala ebuthathaka, ethandazela usindiso ngexesha lokugqibela. Emva kokuba axhomekeke kwiimonki, wabhala kwakhona iincwadi zecawa kunye neemifanekiso zepende. Umfundisi uAbraham ubizwa ngokuthi uyasindisa iSmolensk ukusuka kwisilala esikhulu.

Amagama adumile kunazo zonke zabangcwele baseRashiya

Kanye kunye neenkosana zeBoris kunye neGleb ezikhankanywe ngasentla, iimpawu eziyingqayizivele ze-Orthodoxy yaseRussia, akukho magama angaphantsi kweengcali zaseRussia eziye zaba ngabakhuseli bonke abantu ngokufaka inxaxheba ekuthathweni kwecawa ebomini.

Emva kokukhululwa kwimpembelelo yaseMongol-Tatar, i-Russian monasticism yabona injongo yokukhanyisa abantu bamahedeni, kunye nokwakhiwa kweentlanzi ezintsha kunye neetempileni kumazwe angasentla angasempuma. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwale ntshukumo nguSt. Sergius waseRadonezh. Ngenxa yokuzimela kwakhe uThixo wakha isisele kwintaba yaseMakovets, apho kamva kwakunokwakhiwa koBathathu Emnye-uSt. Sergius Lavra. Kancinci, amalungisa aqala ukujoyina uSergius, ephefumlelwe yimfundiso yakhe, eyakhokelela ekubunjweni kweendwendwe zeendwendwe zakwa-monastic, eziphila ziziqhamo zezandla zabo, kungekhona ngothando lwabazalwana. USergiyu ngokwakhe wasebenza ensimini, ebeka umzekelo kubazalwana bakhe. Abafundi bakaSergius waseRadonezh baye bamisa ama-monasteri angama-40 kulo lonke elaseRashiya.

USergius waseRadonezh wathwala ingcamango yokuthobeka kukaThixo kungekuphela kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa nakwabalawuli abakhulu. Njengompolitiki onobuchule, waba negalelo ekuhlanganiseni iinkokheli zaseRashiya, ekholisa abalawuli beemfuno zokuhambela amadolophu kunye namazwe ahlakazekile.

UDmitry Donskoy

Ukuhlonela okukhulu uSergius waseRadonezh wayenandipha kwisikhulu sakwaRashiya, wabeka ingcwele, uDmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. KwakuyiMonk Sergius owawusikelela umkhosi weMfazwe yaseKukokovo, owaqala nguDmitry Donskoy, waza wathumela amabini ama-novices ukuba axhaswe nguThixo.

Ukuba yinkosana ebuntwaneni bakhe, uDmitry kwimicimbi yelizwe uphulaphule iingcebiso zeMetropolitan Alexy, owayevuyiswe ngokubambisana kweenkokheli zaseRussia eziseMoscow. Le nkqubo ayizange ihlale ihamba kakuhle. Apho ngokusebenza, apho kwaye nomtshato (kwintonga yaseSuzdal), uDmitry Ivanovich unamathele umhlaba ojikeleze eMoscow, apho i-Kremlin yokuqala eyakhiwa khona.

KwakunguDmitry Donskoi owaba ngumsekeli wezopolitiko, ejolise ekuhlanganiseni iinkokheli zaseRussia eziseMoscow ukuba zenze umbuso onamandla kwizombusazwe (ukusuka kwi-khans ye-Golden Horde) kunye neengcamango (ezivela kwicawa yaseByzantine) ukuzimela. Ngo-2002, ekukhunjweni kukaMkhulu uDuke uDmitry Donskoi noSt. Sergius waseRadonezh, uMyalelo othi "iNkonzo kwi-Fatherland" yasungulwa, igxininisa ngokugqithiseleyo impembelelo yolu hlobo lwamanani malunga nokubunjwa kweRashiya. Aba bantu abangcwele baseRashiya babevuyiswe ngenhlalakahle, ukuzimela nokuthula kwabantu babo.

Ubuso (iinqanaba) zabangcwele baseRashiya

Bonke abangcwele beCawa Yobuninzi bayabonakala ngobuso obusithoba okanye abahluleli: abaprofeti, abapostile, ama-prelates, abafel 'ukholo, abafel' ukholo, abafel 'ukholo, abavumayo, bessrebeniks, izilumko ezingcwele kunye nabasikelelweyo.

Icawa yamaOthodoki yaseRashiya iyahlula ngokwahlukileyo abangcwele. Abantu baseRashiya bangcwele, ngenxa yeemeko eziphuculwe ngokusesikweni, bahlula kwiinqanaba ezilandelayo:

Iikhompyutheni . Ilungelo lokuqala, elaziwa yiCawa yaseRashiya njengabangcwele, yaba yizikhulu zeBoris neGleb. I-feat yabo yayiquka ukuzidela egameni lokuthula kwabantu baseRashiya. Lo mzekelo waba ngumzekelo kubo bonke abalawuli bamaxesha kaYaroslav oBulumko, xa igunya eliyinyaniso liye lavunyelwa, ngenxa yeso sikhulu salibingelela. Eli nqanaba lihlulwe libe lilingana (Ababukeli abangamaKristu - uMninimzi Olga, umzukulu wakhe uVladimir, ubhaptizwa uRus), oothixo (iinkosana, izibhambathiso zezonyanya) kunye nabafel 'ukholo (amaxhoba ombambano wabantu, ukubulawa, ukubulala ngenxa yokholo).

UMfundisi . Laba bangcwele abakhethileyo ukuthobela i-monastic ngexesha lokuphila kwabo (Theodosius no-Anthony weeNtaba, uSergius waseRadonezh, uIosif Volotsky, uSeraphim waseSarov).

Abangcwele bangabalungisa abanobungakanani becawa, abaye basekela ubulungiseleli babo ekukhuseleni ubungqina bokuba nokholo, ukusasazeka kwemfundiso yobuKristu, isiseko seetempile (uNifont waseNovogorod, uStephen of Perm).

Izilumko ezingcwele (ezisikelelwe) zingcwele zithwala ukubonakala kobuqhetseba ngelixa zigatya ixabiso lehlabathi. Isisombululo esininzi kakhulu seRussia silungile, sigcwaliswe, ngokukodwa, ngabamonki ababecinga ukungathobeli ukuthobela. Bashiya i-monastery, beya kwizitrato ezisezidolophini kunye nokubandezeleka kwabo bonke ubuncwane (uBasil onoyolo, uIsake u-Recluse, uSimeon wasePalestine, u-Xenia wasePetersburg).

Abantu abangcwele kunye nabafazi . Eli nqanaba lidibanisa iintsana eziqatshelwa ngabangcwele abaye balahla ubutyebi babantu, abalungileyo, abanikezwa uthando olungenammiselo kubantu (uJuliania Lazarevskaya, Artemy Vercolsky).

Ubomi baseSersian

Ubomi bangcwele ngumsebenzi wombhalo oqulethe ulwazi lwangaphambili, oluthile nolwazi lwamhla ngemihla malunga nolungisa, olulungiswa yicawa. Ubomi ngenye yezinto ezindala zokubhala. Ngokuxhomekeka kwixesha kunye nelizwe lokubhala, ezi zonyango zidalwe ngendlela ye-biography, encomium (amagama ahloniphekileyo), i-martyria (ubungqina), i-paterika. Isitayela sokubhala ubomi kwiindawo zaseCyzantine, zaseRoma naseNtshona. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-4 iSonto laqala ukuhlanganisana nabangcwele kunye neengxelo zabo zezinto eziphilayo ezibonakalayo njengekhalenda kunye nosuku lokukhunjulwa kwabangcwele.

E-Russia, ubomi buvela kunye nokwamkelwa kobuKristu kwiByzantium ngesiBulgarian naseSerbia, ezidibeneyo kwiziqokelelo zokufunda ngeenyanga-igama lenyanga kunye ne- minitay ye-Fourth.

Sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11 kwavela i-biography ye-biography yeenkosana zeBris ne-Gleb, apho umbhali ongaziwayo ophilayo yiRashiya. Amagama angcwele ayaziwa yicawa kwaye ayongezwa kwinyanga yegama. Kwiminyaka ye-12 neyeshumi le-13, kunye neenqwenela zengqungquthela yokukhanyisa iNortheast yaseRashiya, inani leemisebenzi zendalo likhula. Abalobi baseRussia babhala ubomi bezanta zaseRashiya zokufunda ngexesha le-Divine Liturgy. Amagama, uluhlu lwawo oluye lwaqatshelwa yicawa yokuzukisa, ngoku luba nobuntu bembali, kwaye imisebenzi engcwele kunye nemimangaliso yayisetyenziswe kwisikhumbuzo sombhalo.

Ngekhulu le-15 kwakukho utshintsho kwindlela yokubhala yobomi. Ingqwalasela eyona nto ayihlawulwanga kwi-data eyiyo, kodwa kwilifa lobuchule lobungcali, ubuhle beelwimi lokubhala, ukukwazi ukuthelekisa amanqaku amaninzi. Ababhali abanobulumko belo xesha baziwa. Ngokomzekelo, u-Epiphanius oBulumko, owawubhala ubomi obucacileyo beengcwele zaseRashiya, ogama lawo awaziwa kakhulu ngabantu - uStefan waseVis no Sergius waseRadonezh.

Ubomi abaninzi babonwa njengomthombo wolwazi malunga neziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali. Ukususela ebomini bukaAlexandro Nevsky ungafunda ngobudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye neHorde. Ubomi bukaBoris noGleb buxela ngxabano lwangaphakathi kwi-internecine ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kweRashiya. Ukudalwa komsebenzi wezobhala kunye neecawa ngobukhulu becala ukuba yeyiphi amagama amagama angcwele aseRashiya, ukuxhaphazwa kwawo kunye nobuhle, kuya kuba yinto eyaziwayo kwiqela elithile lamakholwa.