Amakhowe ayenziwayo. Ziziphi ii-mushroom ezibizwa ngokuba yi-carnivorous?

Ihlabathi lezilwanyana ezidliwayo lihluke kangangokuba ngamanye amaxesha unokuhlangana nomnye "umdli" apho ungalindelanga oku. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zamakhowe. Akuyena wonke umntu owaziyo ama-mushroom abizwa ngokuba yingozi, indlela abazingelayo, into eyiluncedo okanye eyingozi kubantu.

Xa kuziwa kuma-mushroom, kunzima ngathi ukuba sicinge ukuba abanye babo banomdla kakhulu. Oku kungaba njani? Emva koko, "bahlale" kwindawo kwaye abanalo umlomo? Okubaluleke nakakhulu kukuba abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa amakhowa abulalayo ngokwabo. Indlela umntu asebenzisa ngayo ama-mushroom angaphambili kunye nokuba yiyiphi - isihloko sesi nqaku.

Ziziphi na ezo zikhulayo?

Kakade kwigama ngokwayo kuyacaca ukuba yiyiphi imfungulu ebizwa ngokuba yizilwanyana. Ewe, abo babamba kwaye bawabulale amaxhoba zizinto eziphilayo ezincinane.

Ezi zinyolo zikhetha ukuhlala phakathi kweengcambu zezityalo okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka emzimbeni wamanzi, ngakumbi ukuma. Abanye babo bahlala kwiidumbu zezinambuzane, ngelixa besidla ngaphakathi. Abazingeli be-mushroom abanokudubula i-spores ngomgama we-1 mita. Ukufika emzimbeni wexhoba, bahluma ngaphakathi baze batye ngokukhawuleza.

Okumangalisa kukuba, ii-mushroom zizinto eziphilayo kuphela eziphilayo emhlabeni ezitshintshe ngokukhawuleza naluphi na utshintsho lwemozulu. Ingatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ezi zilwanyana ezincinci zisasaza iinqanqa zazo phantsi kweenyawo zomntu. Kwaye le nethiwekhi ayiyi kuhlala ingenanto.

Imbali yokubonakala

Amakhowe (ezidliwayo kwaye ezingenjalo) zizidalwa zamandulo kangangokuba kunzima ukuzicingela. Ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo, xa bebonakala eMhlabeni, kunokuba kunengxaki, kuba izazinzulu ngokuqhelekileyo azifumani iifossil. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zifumaneka kuphela kwiinqununu ezincinci. Le yindlela ama-mushroom yamandulo ase-Fossil atholakala ngayo eFransi, ukondla kwiimbungu ukuya kwi-5 mm ubude.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba le ngqungquthela ye-prehistoric isasengumgcini wexesha lanamhlanje. Ngenkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imisebenzi "ebulalayo" iye yahlaziywa kaninzi kangangokuthi ayinakubalwa. Ngako oko, abazingeli bamakhowa banamhlanje abangekho izihlobo zamandulo.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamakhowe ngohlobo lwesicupho

Ekubeni ezinye iinkowa zizidalwa zendalo, zona, ngokufanelekileyo, zinezinto ezithile zokuzingela.
Ngokuchanekileyo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi:

• Iintloko ze-globular zenziwe nge-Glue ezikwe-mycelium (efana ne-Monacrosporium ellipsosporum, A. entomophaga);
• Amagatsha ase-Sticky: ii-trappers zi-Arthrobotrys perpasta, i-Monacrosporium cionopagum;
• Izixhobo ezinomnatha, eziqulethwe ngamanani amaninzi, afumaneka ngamaqhinga okubamba i-branching hyphas: njengesixhobo sokuzingela, umzekelo, u-Arthrobotris malosporovy;
• Imashini yokumisa umatshini - i-mining ibincitshiswa yiyo kwaye iyatshatyalaliswa: ngale ndlela, i-Dactylaria iqhwa elimhlophe lizingela kumaxhoba alo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, le ngcaciso emfutshane malunga nawaphi ama-mushroom kunye nokuzingela kwabo. Enyanisweni, iintlobo zabazingeli bamancinci zikhulu kakhulu.

Amakhowa abulalayo azingela njani?

Ngoko, ama-mushroom asekudleni: bazingela bani na? Iifungi zibeka iingcambu zazo ezintambo emhlabathini kwaye zilinde iimbongolo ezincinane-neematodes. Inani elikhulu lamanqongo anjalo adala amanethiwekhi amaninzi ajikeleze i-mycelium. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba imbongolo ithinte umnqamlezo, iyanamathela ngokukhawuleza. Isangqa siqala ukuhlahlela emzimbeni wexhoba layo, akunakwenzeka ukugcinwa. Yonke into iyenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kwiinqhezu zemizuzwana.

Umzimba wesibindi esibanjwe ungena kwi hyphae kwaye uqala ukukhula. Nangona i-nematode ilawula ngokumangalisayo ukuba ibaleke, ayiyi kusindisa. I hyphae emzimbeni wakhe ikhula ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi kuphela emva komhla. Kanye kunye nembungu efa, i-mycelium "iya kuhamba" kwindawo entsha kwaye iphinde isasaze iminatha yayo.

Ukuba umfuyi webulali uhlala emanzini, oko kukutya kwawo kukuthi i-rotifers, amoeba, i-cyclops kunye nabanye abemi bendawo. Umgaqo wokuzingela kuwo unye-i-hyphus ifumana kwixhoba layo, ingena ngaphakathi kwaye iqala ukukhula emzimbeni wayo.

Amakhowa e-oyster angaziwa

Bambalwa abantu ababaziyo, nangona kunjalo, ama-mushroom ayenziwa ngamakhowe ayenamawawo amaninzi. Abaphosoli ithuba lokuzibandakanya kunye nembungu. Njengabanye abazingeli, i-mycelium yabo ichithe i-hyphae yayo, evelisa i-toxin enobuthi.

Lobutyhefu luphazamisa ixhoba kwaye lukhawuleza. Emva koko, i-oyster mushroom igxobhoze ngokunyanisekileyo ixhoba layo. Iibhoksi ze-vesicle azenzi kuphela kwiimatodes. Ngendlela efanayo, badla i-enchytraeids - izihlobo ezikhulu kakhulu zomhlaba. Igalelo kule toxin i-ostearin, eveliswa yi-fungi. Ayiyi kuphazamiseka ukuba izibhamu zezixhobo zenziwe ngengozi.

Ngaba kuvela ukuba la ma-mushroom ayingozi ukuba adle? Hayi, akunjalo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zithi akukho chexheyi enetyhefu kumzimba wefungus. Eyilwe ngendalo, umatshini kufuneka amakhowa ase-oyster kuphela ukukhusela kwiintsholongwane - iikiti, iikethi kunye ne-springtails.

Umbulali we-mushroom - abahlobo ngonaphakade, kodwa kungekhona

Ngoku ke makhe sithethe ngendlela umntu asebenzisa ngayo amakhowa asele. Ngaba banokuzuza kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho okanye bafaka ingozi?

Umzingeli-umzingeli obhubhisa i-neatodes kunye nezinye iintlobo ezinjengale, ngokuqinisekileyo ungumhlobo womntu. Ukungcola komhlaba onamandla kunye nematodes kubangela ingozi enkulu kwizityalo. Kodwa ekubeni ama-mushroom ayenziwayo, zihlala zidinga ukutya, eziza kuba yizilokazane. Ngako-ke umzingeli wamakhowa uye waba yinto engcono kakhulu kwimimiselo enobuthi enobungozi be-anthelmintic, ukusetyenziswa okukhokelela ekungcolisweni kwendalo kuphela, kodwa nokunyuka ukuxhatshazwa kweentlanzi kunye nokuguquka kwezidumbu.

Kodwa ama-mushroom angaphambili awasoloko ehlobo lwabantu. Ukususela kwi-X-XII leminyaka, uluntu lwazi isifo esibizwa ngokuthi "umlilo weSt. Anthony" eNtshona Yurophu. E-Russia le nto ibizwa ngokuba "izibizo ezimbi", ezibonisa ngokupheleleyo imeko yesigulane. Iimpawu zeli gciwane zihlanza, ukulahleka kwesidlo, iintlungu ezibi emathunjini nasesisu, ubuthathaka. Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, i-curvature ne-necrosis yamalungu ayigcinwe, inyama yahlukana namathambo.

Kwangexesha elide akukho mntu wazi ukuba yintoni ebangela le ntlekele. Kuphela emva kwexesha elide kwakusungulwa ukuba eso sifo sibangela i-ergot - i-fungus edlalayo, ehlala ezindlebeni ze-rye kunye nokwenza apho iimpondo ezimnyama. Zinezinto ezinobuthi - ergotin. Ngenxa yoko, namhlanje isifo sibizwa ngokuba yi-ergotism. Isonka esivela kuloo mgubo asikwazi ukutshatyalaliswa, kuba ubuthi bugcinayo iipropati zayo nakwiqondo eliphezulu.

Isiphelo

Ngoku uyazi ngakumbi. Ngokukodwa, malunga nawaphi ama-mushroom abizwa ngokuba yingozi, indlela abazingela ngayo kwaye ingaba luncedo okanye yingozi kubantu. Ukongeza, kunomdla kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba olo lwazi luya kunceda kuwe kwikamva.