Amanqanaba ombutho wezilwanyana zasendle

Ubomi bomhlaba buzalwe ixesha elide. Kwavela phantsi kwefuthe leemeko ezahlukeneyo ezithatha ixesha elingapheleli kuphela ekuveleni kobomi, kodwa kunye nokubonakaliswa kwazo kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko, ubunzima beemeko zokubunjwa kubangele ukuba iimeko eziphilayo zakhiwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa kunye nokuthotyelana komnye nomnye, zenze isakhiwo esidibaniseneyo samanqanaba angenakunqandwa ngaphandle kwesinye sezixhumanisi.

Amanqanaba asemgangathweni ombutho wezilwanyana zasendle

Ukuqonda kakuhle le nkqubo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba izakhiwo ezicetywayo zilawulwa phantsi. Ngamnye kubo unokubhekwa njengenkqubo ehlukileyo okanye kwisistim, kodwa ingcamango epheleleyo yokuphila kwimilinganiselo yokuphila ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni le ngcaciso.

Amanqanaba ombutho wobomi bempawu zabo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqhubekele kwinkcazo, siyaqaphela ukuba uluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo jikelele alukho, kwaye olu cetywayo luyinto eqhelekileyo: amaqela angama-8 ombutho abelwe apha.

• Amanqanaba entlangano yokuphila kwemvelo: i-molecular and cell

I molecular. Le nqanaba le- archaic , ngumda phakathi kokuphila nokungapheliyo. Iinqununu ezisemgangathweni apha zizinto zamachiza: iiprotheni, i-carbohydrate, iicucleic acids, i-lipids, njl. Kulapha ukuba ukudluliselwa kolwazi lwezofuzo kwenzeka, ukuguqulwa kwe-biosynthesis nokuguqulwa kwamandla kwenzeka. Ukufowunelwa kolwazi ngumsebenzi oyintloko wenqanaba le-molecule, elinezinto ezimbini: iimlekyuli ze-organic and nonorganic compounds, kunye neengxube ze-chemical compounds.

Izixhobo. Nazi iziqulatho zizinxulumano zamaselula - i-organelles. Unoxanduva lomsebenzi wokuzala, uthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali, kwaye kukho ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Iqukethe icandelo elinye - i-complex complex of molecules yamakhemikhali. Kule nqanaba, i-biosynthesis, ukwahlukana kweeseli kunye ne-photosynthesis zenzeka.

• Amanqanaba entlangano yemvelo: izicubu kunye nequmrhu

Tissue. Imelelwe ngamathishu adibanisa iiseli ezahlukeneyo ezinesakhiwo esifanayo. Kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, izicubu zenziwa ngexesha le-ongenesis ngenxa yokwahlukana kweeseli zibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo, ziyahluka, ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kweeseli.

I-Organic. Kule nkqubo, izinto ziyizitho zezinto eziphilayo. Kwimizekelo yamatyala kunokwenzeka ukuba kugcinwe iinkqubo ezipheleleyo zezitho (kwimimandla epheleleyo ngakumbi), ngelixa zihamba ngokulula, ukuphefumula, ukugaya, njl, zenziwa ngeendleko ze-organelles ngayinye.

• Amanqanaba entlangano yokuphila kwemvelo: izidalwa kunye nezilwanyana-zityalo

Umzimba. Eli nqanaba lombutho wobomi luphawu lwe-unicellular and multicellular. Inika ithuba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesondlo, isakhiwo esifumaneka (izilwanyana, iintaka, iifungi, iibhaktheriya). Idibanisa ukuxhamla kwendalo kunye neendawo zokuhlala, ezithatha inxaxheba ekuvelweni kweempawu zesakhiwo. Icandelo eliphambili liseli.

Inani labantu. Imelelwe ngobuhlobo obusondeleyo obufakela abantu, kunye nabo, kwizinto eziphilayo. Imisebenzi ephambili yale nqanaba inzala kunye nokufa, iinombolo, ubuninzi. Iseka ubudlelwane obuqilileyo bezilwanyana kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

• Amanqanaba entlangano yezilwanyana zasendle: i-biogeocenotic ne-biospheric

Biogeocenotic. Eli nqanaba libizwa nangokuthi "yendalo". Apha sibona umbutho wobomi ukususela kwimbono yabemi: kubanzi ngokubanzi kwezidalwa ezifanayo (ezifanayo). Inqanaba lezinto eziphilayo lineziphathamandla ezininzi: isakhiwo sabemi, iintlobo zeekhonkco ze- biotic, ubuninzi bezinto kunye nohlobo lwezilwanyana zabemi. Iinqununu eziphambili zezi: iimpawu zendalo kunye neenkqubo zokutya.

Biosphere. Le yindlela ephezulu yokusekwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziphambili ziyi: izilwanyana kunye neendawo zabo, eziqondwa njengomhlaba, umoya, i-hydrosphere kunye nezinye iiparitha zehlabathi. Apha, ukusebenzisana kwabaphilayo nabangewona ubomi, kunye nomjikelezo wezinto.