Indlela yokuzama: inkcazo, ukungonakali kunye neenzuzo

Ngaphakathi kwesakhelo solwazi malunga nenyaniso ejikelezileyo, i-toolkit yesayensi inika iindlela ezininzi zobugcisa, oko kukuthi uphando lovavanyo. Uvavanyo lenye yeyona ndlela iphumelele kakhulu, kuba isekelwe kwimigaqo yokuphindaphinda kunye nobungqina ngamaqiniso. Yintoni esabalulekile, indlela yokuzama ikuvumela ukuba ufunde iziganeko ezizimeleyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizinto ezinokuthi zenzeke, eziyichaphazelayo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo.

Ubugcisa beendlela njengendlela yokuphanda

Xa kuthelekiswa nokuqonda ngokucacileyo ngokuqwalasela, uvavanyo luququzelelwe njengesifundo esilungisiweyo, ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi othile ufunyenwe kunye nemigangatho ye-pre-established for the translation of the result. Into ebalulekileyo kukuthatha inxaxheba komphandi kwinkqubo yolwazi. Ukongezelela, indlela yokuhlola isayense ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yamathuba okuyilungisa kwakhona kwiimeko ezifanayo, ngolwazi oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezithile zomsebenzi, ukutyhila ezinye iimpawu kunye neepatheni kwinto ethile.

Kwintlangano yeemvavanyo zivame ukusebenzisa i-instrumentation kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwedatha. Inkcazo yeklasikhi yendlela yokuhlola ingaboniswa njengenkqubo yophando lwebhubhoratri, kuba ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumlobi, kodwa kukho ezinye iikhrayitheriya ngale ndlela yokuqonda ukunyaniseka, okuza kuqwalaselwa ngezantsi.

Iimodeli zovavanyo

Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo nolungenangqiqo lukhethwa. Iyokuqala imodeli yentlangano, ngenxa yesizathu esinye okanye enye ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo, oko kukuthi, kwiimeko zesayensi yolwazi. Le ndlela ayinceda kuphela ukufezekisa umsebenzi obekiwe malunga nokufundisisa into, kodwa igalelo ekuphuculeni indlela yokuhlola ngokuchonga amaphutha ngamnye. Ngokubhekiselele kwimodeli yokuhlola engahleliyo, isekelwe kwingcamango yezinto ezingaqhelekanga, ezinokuthi zihambelane novavanyo lwangempela, kodwa isiphumo sazo asiyi kuqikelela. Indlela yokuhlola engahleliyo idinga uluhlu olubanzi lweemfuno. Ngokomzekelo, umzekelo weemathematika olungiselelwe kuwo kufuneka uchaze ngokwaneleyo uvavanyo. Kwakhona, xa ubeka ingxaki, abaphandi bachane ngokuchanekileyo imodeli, apho i-data yokuqala yeemathematika yokuhlolwa kunye neziphumo ezifunyenweyo iya kufaniswa.

Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo ezidibeneyo?

Ngokwenza oko, izixhobo zenyama, ikhomputha, ingqondo kunye nezicwangciso eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa rhoqo. Olona luqhelekileyo luvavanyo oluthile, oluqulethwe ekuqaphelisweni kwendalo. Ngenxa yolu vavanyo, ngokukodwa, iingcamango eziphosakeleyo ze-physics zityhilwa, ezifundwe kwisikhokelo sophando lwezobugcisa. Uvavanyo lwekhompyutha luxhumeke kwinkqubo yekhompyutha. Ngexesha leemvavanyo, iingcali zenza idatha yokuqala kwizinto ezithile, ngenxa yokunika ulwazi malunga neempawu ezibonakalisiweyo kunye neempawu. Indlela ecinga ngayo yokuzama iyakuchaphazela indawo ezahlukeneyo zophando, kuquka i-physics nefilosofi. Uhlobo lwayo oluphambili kukuveliswa kweemeko ezingenakwenzeka, kodwa kwiingcamango. Ngako oko, ukuhlolwa okubalulekileyo akujolisi ekuhlolisweni kwezinto ezithile okanye iziganeko, kodwa ekuqinisekiseni okanye ukuchaswa kweengcamango ezithile okanye imbono.

Iimpawu zovavanyo lwengqondo

Iqela elihlukeneyo lovavanyo limelelwa yinkalo yengqondo, echaza ukuba yintoni. Isihloko esisisiseko sophando ngale ndlela siyi-psyche. Ngako oko, iimeko zokuqhuba uphando ziya kugqiba umsebenzi obalulekileyo wale ndaba ngqo. Kwaye apha siyakwazi ukuchasana nokuchasene nemigaqo eyisiseko yendlela ekhutshwe ngayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zophando, umntu akanakulindela ukulawula okupheleleyo kunye nokudala izimo zokuvavanya. Unokuqhubeka kuphela kwiinkcukacha ezichanekileyo, eziza kunika uvavanyo lwengqondo. Indlela yokuphanda kwengqondo nayo ayivumeli ukuba sisebenzise enye yeenkqubo zengqondo, kuba iimpembelelo zokulinga ziba nefuthe kwimpilo yonke. Uphando olufanayo lunokuqhutyelwa kubantu, nakwizilwanyana. Kwimeko yokuqala, iimeko zokubamba ngamaxesha ngamanye zibonelela ngomyalelo wokuqala wesihloko.

Uvavanyo lwezendalo kunye neelabhoratri

Olu lwahlulo lukwabandakanywa kwingcamango yokuzama kwengqondo. Uphando lwezendalo lunokuthi lube nolunxibelelwano oluthile kunye nolwazi lwezesayensi, kuba kule meko kuphazamiseka okuncinane kwindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo yesifundo kucingelwa. Ngendlela, ukusuka apha kuza inzuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela yokwenza izinto. Isihloko ngenxa yokungabikho kokuphazamiseka ebomini bakhe kwisilingo singahlala ebumnyameni. Oko kukuthi, ayichaphazeli inyaniso yesifundo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokungabikho kolawulo, le ndlela yenzululwazi yokuzama kwengqondo ithathwa njengengasebenzi. Iimpawu ezichaseneyo nazo zichonga iingenelo zolu vavanyo lwebhubhoratri. Kwizo zifundo, umhloli unako, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo inkqubo yokufunda, egxile kwizinto ezithile ezithandayo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, isidingo sokusebenzisana okufutshane phakathi komphandi kunye nesihloko sinquma ukuzithoba komphumo.

Iinzuzo zendlela yokulinga

Iingeniso zalo ndlela kwiphando, ngaphezu kwazo zonke, ukulawulwa kweemeko. Umphandi ucwangcisa inkqubo ngokuhambelana nezixhobo zayo kunye nezibonelelo, eziququzelele kakhulu umsebenzi. Kwakhona, ukufaneleka kwendlela yokulinga kubangelwa ukuphindaphinda, okwenza kube lula ukucoca idatha ngaphandle kokulungiswa kweenguqu kwiimeko zokuvavanya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yokulungiswa kwenkqubo kukuvumela ukuba uhlolisise utshintsho lweempawu ezithile kunye neepropati zento.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, inzuzo ephambili yale nqubo kukuchaneka kwedatha. Eli pharamitha liya kuxhomekeka kwindlela inkqubo eyenziwe ngayo kakuhle, kodwa kwisakhelo esinikeziwe kunye neeparitha enye inokubheka kwizinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka. Ngokukodwa iingenelo zolu vavanyo ngokuchanekileyo zityhilwa yindlela yokujonga. Ukuzama imvelaphi yayo kulawulwa ngokwengeziwe, okuvumela ukuba kungabandakanyi izinto zokungaphazamisa kwinkqubo yophando.

Iingxaki zendlela

Ngokubanzi, ubuthathaka beendlela zokuhlola zihambelana neziphene zombutho. Nantsi ke, kuyafaneleka ukuthelekisa nokubonwa, okuya kuthi ngokweemeko ziya kuba zichanekile kakhulu. Omnye umbuzo kukuba, ngokungafani nokuqwalasela, ukuzama kuzo zonke iiparitha kuyinkqubo echanekileyo. Ukongezelela, ukungaphumeleli kwindlela yokuhlola kudibaniswe nokungenzeki kokuphindaphinda kwezinto kunye neenkqubo. Ingathethi ukuba ezinye iindawo zokusebenzisa iteknoloji zifuna ukutyala imali ebalulekileyo kwimibutho.

Imizekelo yokusebenzisa iimvavanyo

Enye yezilingo zokuqala ezenziwa nguEratosthenes Kirensky, owayefundela izinto ezibonakalayo. Ingundoqo yocwaningo lwakhe kukubala i-radius yoMhlaba ngendlela yendalo. Wasebenzisa isantya sokuphambuka kwelanga ukusuka kuMhlaba ngexesha le-summer solstice, okwenza ukuba kwenzeke, ngokumalunga neerameters kunye nomgama ukuya kwinqanaba apho kwakungekho ukuphambuka khona, ukugqiba ukuba i-radius i-6300 km. Umahluko kunye neyona nqobo yesikhombisi i-5% kuphela, ebonisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nendlela eya kwenziwa ngayo. Uvavanyo, imizekelo yaloo nto ibonakaliswa kwingqondo, ayinakuthi ibango lokuchaneka kweemathematika, kodwa kufanelekile.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1951 iqela labaphandi laqhuba iqhinga lokulinga, injongo yalo yayikufunda ukuvumelana. Abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba banike iimpendulo kwimibandela elula malunga nenani kunye nendawo yeentonga, ezithi zatshekisha amehlo abo. Kule meko, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba banikwe umyalelo wokunika iziphumo ezingamanga-ekufumaneni lo mmahluko, indlela yayisekelwe kuyo. Uvavanyo, imizekelo yalo yenziwa kwakhona ngamaxesha amaninzi, ekugqibeleni yanikezela iziphumo ezidakisayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abahlala benye kunye neengcamango ezingalunganga kodwa eziphambili, kwimeko ezininzi bavumelana naye.

Isiphelo

Izifundo zokuvavanya ngokungangabazeki zandisa kwaye zomeleze ingcamango yomntu wehlabathi elikujikelezile. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayinakusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iindawo. Ukuqwalasela, ukuvavanywa kunye nokuvavanya kwinkqubo enzima kunika ulwazi oluninzi, ukuzalisana. Kukho iinkalo apho uphando lunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwiminqweno yokulinganisa, amaziko oosayensi asebenzisa ngokubanzi ukusebenzisa iindlela ezidibeneyo. Ngelo xesha, simele sivume ukuba indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango kunye neengcamango zineengxelo zokuhlola.