Amazwe OPEC - amaxabiso oozwilakhe zehlabathi

Namhlanje, imiba gesi oyile kunye nokwabiwa komhlaba zezona zinto zijongwayo xa ekubunjweni amaxabiso zehlabathi iimveliso kunye nezinto ukusebenzisa ekumiseleni kwihlabathi rates iikowuteshini exchange, kwaye nkqu ukukhula okanye ukwehla kwezoqoqosho kwimimandla yonke. Kwaye indima ephambili kumazwe OPEC ukudlala kwezi nkqubo.

Imbali kunye nezizathu kwakhiwe OPEC

Umbutho of Petroleum Exporting Countries, eyaziwa ngcono abangakwaziyo Russian njengoko Umbutho zamazwe - Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), imvelaphi yayo 1960. Ngoko amazwe 5 ndagqiba ukumisela inkqubo-sikhokelo eyayiza ukulawula umthamo imveliso kunye nendleko Umphanda yeoli kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Olo isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngamazwe ezintlanu, ngazo Venezuela yaba, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran kunye Kuwait. Kamva ke kwangena kwamanye amazwe eziliqela, kwaye ekuqaleni 90 inani lamalungu-13.

Noko ke, kule minyaka ilishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane XX, OPEC wemka Ecuador (1992) kunye Gabon (1994), owokuqala wayibuyisela ubulungu kwayo ngo-2007. Indonesia kungenxa kwakhona yezizathu zangaphakathi bakhetha ukuphelisa ubulungu balo mbutho ngo-2009. Namhlanje lo mbutho iquka Venezuela, Iraq, Saudi Arabia (phambili koovimba oyile), Iran, Kuwait, Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Qatar, Libya, i-United Arab Emirates ne Nigeria.

Amazwe, OPEC, ndisukela ngokusisiseko iinjongo ezimbini: ukumisela lula kubo uluhlu kwamaxabiso e-oli kunye nokunikezelwa quotas kwi urhweba. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, le ithi musa ukuthandabuza, ukusebenzisa iinkokeli zayo ukuphumeza iinjongo zopolitiko. Umzekelo omhle ezi zenzo yaba ukusungulwa ukukwaywa ngokuchasene United States ngowe-1973 ngenxa yokuba inkxaso esebenzayo uSirayeli zamvanje kwimpixano Arabhu-yakwaSirayeli. Abanye abahlalutyi uthambekele ukukholelwa ukuba uninzi ngeentlekele kwezoqoqosho zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ziye ukumqumbisa egameni lombutho.

amazwe OPEC elawula nezokukhupha "zegolide abamnyama" ngenxa yokuba imeko yabo yezoqoqosho. Izenzo ezinjalo kubekho ukugwetyelwa ngenxa ukuba uninzi wemigodi oyile kumazwe zezona umgca ephambili oyinxalenye iingeniso mali kweli lizwe.

Amandla buthathaka

Onke amazwe OPEC, ejongene neengxaki ezithile. Iingcali ukwahlula iindidi ezine eziphambili: engqongqo ukushiyana loluntu labemi, backwardness zeteknoloji, inkqubo ngokwaneleyo yoqeqesho kazwelonke kunye nokusetyenziswa ngqiqweni ukufumana inzuzo.

Ngokutsho umgangatho wokuphila, amazwe OPEC bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: super-kwezityebi namahlwempu. In eliphezulu-ubomi karhulumente kukho ukunqongophala kwabantu, ngoxa amahlwempu - inani labantu likhulu kune imida esengqiqweni. Kulo mba, owokuqala ukufumana utyalo-mali ebonakalayo, yaye ukuhamba yesibini ukuxhomekeka emazweni angaphandle. Osahluleyo nakanjani bangela ngumahluko athile kuqulunqo lwezicwangciso eziliqili zophuhliso.

Ikakhulu egxininisa ioli, amalungu amaninzi OPEC silibale kwimfuneko yophuhliso ukwenzela zabo zobugcisa. Ngokuzimeleyo, kule meko kukho kuphela Saudi Arabia kunye UAE. La mazwe baba nako ngexesha ubuyisele inzululwazi yesizwe ekuphuculeni umgangatho isiseko lobuchwepheshe. Elinye iLungu States axhomekeke ngoncedo kwiinkampani zangaphandle Ngokubambisana ngokusekelwe kwezivumelwano concession.

Ngcembe asakhulayo ukusuka ingxaki elidlulileyo, kubonakala kunye nokungabikho kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu, nto leyo ngempumelelo umgaqo nokuqhubekayo kunye nokwandisa inkqubo yemveliso petroleum. Ezi iingcali ikakhulu evela kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo edla uhlangana ukungaqondani phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.

Noko ke, nangona iingxaki abathathu abakhankanyiweyo, kukho enye ingongoma impikiswano - iinzuzo evela kwintengiso oyile kunye neemveliso zayo. Imincili kubo sahlala ngokoqobo yonke kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Imali yachithwa vuphukuphuku, kwaye endaweni yoko imali kuphuhliso eminye imithombo yengeniso-mali karhulumente, ukuba siyaya endaweni iiprojekthi engenziwa. Ngeli xesha le meko itshintshe: kumazwe ahluphekileyo mali zityalwe ngamaphulo ezoqoqosho nezentlalo (nangona akusoloko olusebenzayo), izityebi - kuphuhliso eminye imithombo yengeniso.

Umbutho ka - Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) namhlanje ngokwenene sisixhobo esinamandla ukusetyenziswa zombini kwezoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo zopolitiko. Noko ke, iingxaki zangaphakathi ithi - amalungu ukubika ukuziphuhlisa lona ngokunokwalo. mibono kwi amandla kunye nobuthathaka kuya kubangela ilahleko kwindawo ephambili kushishino oyile ihlabathi, ukuba alunakupheliswa.