Amine - a ... Isakhiwo, Properties, amine iiklasi

Amine uza kungena ebomini bethu ngokungalindelekanga. Kude kube kamva nje, ukuba izinto eziyityhefu, ukunqanda ingozi leyo enokukhokelela ekufeni. Kwaye ngoku, emva kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, siye ngokubonakalayo usebenzisa imicu zokwenziwa, umqhaphu, izixhobo zokwakha, idayi, ezo zisekelwe amine. Akunjalo, abazange babe ezikhuselekileyo, abantu bakwazi ukuba "lulamile" nesihloko, utsala inzuzo ethile ngokwabo. Malunga nokuba yintoni, yaye siza kuthetha ngakumbi.

definition

Amine - le khompawundi organic ezithathwe iimolekyuli ammonia apho hydrogen luthathelwa radicals hydrocarbon. Iiplastiki kane ngexesha. Uqwalaselo nenani radicals iimolekyuli ukumisela iimpawu zomzimba lwemichiza amine. Ngaphandle hydrocarbon, loo iikhompawundi lungaba radicals enuka okanye aliphatic, okanye indibanisela yawo. Lwentando lesi sigaba phambi DB-moiety, apho R - liqela ephilayo.

ngezigaba

Zonke amine zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu:

1. Ngu uhlobo hydrocarbon olukhulu.
2. Xa inani radicals eziqhotyoshelwe atom nitrogen.
3. Ngokutsho inani lamaqela acid (mono-, khe, tri -, njl ...).

Iqela lokuqala luquka amine aliphatic okanye umda, ezo abameli methylamine kunye methylethylamine. Kwakhona enuka - umzekelo, aniline okanye phenylamine. ukuba Amagama Abameli iqela lesibini ezinxulumene ngqo isixa radicals hydrocarbon. Ngenxa yoko, amine zamabanga qelele (equlethe iqela elinye nitrogen), aphakamileyo (ukuba amaqela amabini nitrogen kunye kumaqela ahlukeneyo organic) kunye enomsila (ngokukwanjalo ukuba amaqela amathathu nitrogen). Amagama eqela ephakamileyo athethe ngokwabo.

Nokuhlelwa (ukuyilwa isihloko)

Ukwenza igama compound ukuya igama leqela ephilayo leyo enebana nitrogen, wongezelela isimaphambili "ngomdla", kwaye amaqela ngokwabo obalulwe ngokwe-alfabhethi, umzekelo: metilprotilamin okanye methyldiphenylamine (kulo mzekelo, "di" libonisa ukuba nezixandileyo uye radicals ezimbini phenyl). Ukuvunyelwa ukuba isihloko, isiseko apho carbon, kwaye ukumela iqela acid njenge substituent. Ngoko ke isikhundla kwisalathisi yayo kuxhomekeke phantsi ilungu isiqu, umzekelo, CH ₃ CH ₂ CH (H. ₂₎ CH ₂ CH _3. Ngamanye amaxesha kwikona ephezulu ngasekunene mzobo ubonisa inani ngokokuma kwento le carbon.

Ezinye iikhompawundi Nangoku usabambelele, ezaziwayo-kakuhle amagama lula ezingavakaliyo ezifana aniline, umzekelo. Ukongeza, ezinye zazo ukuze ukuhlangana ukuba baye ngokungachanekanga azotywe amagama asetyenziswa belingana yenkqubo, ngenxa yokuba izazinzulu kunye nabantu kude inzululwazi, kube lula yaye kulula ukuthetha nokuqonda omnye

iipropati ngokomzimba

Le ngomdla zasesekondari, njenge primary, ekwaziyo zokubumba imixokelelwane hydrogen phakathi molekyuli, nangona buthathaka kancinane kunesiqhelo. Le nto ichaza zokupheka ephakamileyo (ngasentla iqondo ikhulu) amine ezingundoqo, xa kuthelekiswa namanye iikhompawundi ukuba ubunzima efanayo eziphilayo. ngomdla tertiary, ngenxa yokungabikho H.-amaqela ekwaziyo hydrogen lib, ndlela uqala ibile esele asibhozo anethoba degrees Celsius.

Bushushu (elinesibhozo - amabini degrees Celsius) amine aphantsi aliphatic kuphela ngokohlobo zomphunga. I-avareji bahlalise urhulumente elulwelo, yaye liphezulu - kule okuqinileyo. Zonke iiklasi amine abe livumba ethile. Le radicals esezantsi eziphilayo zinemoletyhule, ngoko ngokucacileyo ukususela iikhompawundi phantse esha na ukusezela ngaphezulu ukuloba ammonia oluphakathi nolusezantsi enukayo.

Le amine bangaba obusenyongweni hydrogen ngamanzi, okt ezinyibilikayo kakuhle kuwo. Okukhona le molecule ekhoyo kwi ezizizembiwa ngokupheleleyo, kokukhona emanzini.

iipropati chemical

Njengoko kusengqiqweni ukucinga, amine - ezi avela-ammonia, kwaye yiyo loo mihlaba ukuba ziyafana. Kukho kalukhuni iintlobo ezintathu leendibano imichiza leyo kunokwenzeka ezo zinto.

1. Okokuqala, cinga iimpawu amine njengoko siseko. I elisezantsi (aliphatic) indibanisa kunye iimolekyuli zamanzi kunika indlela obrak. Bond kwakheka kwi ngendlela donor-acceptor, ngenxa yokuba nitrogen ine electron unpaired. Ngokuhlanganisa zonke amine nee-asidi yenze iityuwa. Le okuqinileyo kakhulu amanzi-enyibilikayo izinto,. amine enuka ukubonisa i iipropati isiseko obuthathaka, ekubeni isibini yabo electron unshared ishenxiselwe ngekhonkco benzene kwaye usebenzisana electron yayo.
2. Igcwala. A ngomdla emfundo ephezulu oxidized lula indibanisa mpilo umoya komoya. Ukongeza, onke amine into ibangelwa emlilweni (ngokungafaniyo ammonia).
3. Ukudibana ne oxide acid isetyenziswa chemistry ukwahlula phakathi ngomdla, ekubeni iimveliso kule yokusabela kuxhomekeka kwinani lamaqela eziphilayo ezikhoyo kule molecule:

• amine samabanga asezantsi wabumba indlela alkoholi;
• iimeko eziziiprayimari enuka ezifanayo unika phenols;
• eziziisekondari iguqulelwa iikhompawundi nitroso (njengoko kungqinwa ivumba iimpawu);
• tertiary iityuwa ifomu ukuba utshabalale ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke ixabiso sokungamelani loo nto.

Iimpawu ezizodwa aniline

Aniline yikhompawundi kokuba iimpawu lokuba zombini iqela acid kunye benzenes. Oku kuchazwe yi impembelelo efanayo ye atom ngaphakathi molecule. Kwelinye icala, ikhonkco benzene buthathaka ezisisiseko (m. E. ialakalin) iziphiwo aniline kwi molecule. Bona ngezantsi amine aliphatic kunye ammonia. Kodwa kwelinye icala, xa iqela acid i onesiphumo kwi umsesane benzene, iba phezu koko, ngakumbi esebenzayo aye kungena ngayo endaweni.

Kuba ukuzimisela uhlobo ubungakanani iikhompawundi aniline ezidityanisiweyo okanye usebenzisa indlela kunye namanzi bromine, apho ekupheleni emazantsi tube emhlophe kwenze ka 2,4,6-tribromanilina.

Amine endalweni

Amine zifumaneka kuyo yonke indalo ngohlobo weevithamini, iihomoni, iimveliso esiphakathi emzimbeni, yaye kufuneka emzimbeni lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Ukongeza, xa kuwohloka eziphilayo afumana amine lesibini, abakulo karhulumente engamanzi zaye embi nevumba herring anetyuwa. Luphawu echazwe kule ncwadi wabonakala kubulela ivumba oluthile amine "isidumbu ityhefu".

Kangangexesha elide siye sahlolisisa into kubhidaniswe ammonia ngenxa yevumba efanayo. Kodwa kwiminyaka yee-elinethoba semichiza French kwinkulungwane Wurtz akwazi nokulungelelanisa methylamine kunye ethylamine, kwaye abonise ukuba wenze xa bazitshisa hydrocarbon. Oku umahluko obalulekileyo ukusuka iikhompawundi ammonia okhankanywe.

Ukulungiswa amine kwiimeko zoshishino

Ekubeni atom initrogen amine ohlala igcwala karhulumente esezantsi, nokuhlawulwa initrogen aqulethe yeyona ndlela kakhulu ilula kwaye ifikeleleke lokulungiselela lwabo. Kuyinto yande practice mveliso ngenxa cheapness yayo.

Indlela yokuqala ukuncitshiswa iikhompawundi nitro. Indlela abasabela ngexesha apho aniline kwakhiwa yaziwa zezenzululwazi Zinin yaye yabanjwa ukuba okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba. Indlela yesibini ulibuyele amides usebenzisa Lithium aluminium hydride. Ukususela nitriles Unako ukubuyisela amine zaseprayimari. ATHUNYIWEYO sesithathu - alkylation reaction, ngamanye ukusungulwa amaqela alkyl ukuya molecule ammonia.

Ukusetyenziswa amine

Ngokwabo, ngohlobo kwezinto ehlambulukileyo, amine zisetyenziswa kancinane. Enye imizekelo embalwa - polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) apho kwindawo zasekhaya ibhexesha yokuqaqadeka le nentlaka epoxy. Ngokusisiseko, elokuqala, elesibini okanye ngomdla ephakamileyo - oko intermediate ekuvelisweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo organic. Ethandwa kakhulu aniline. Yena - isiseko yesixhobo elikhulu nedayi aniline. Umbala eya kuba ekugqibeleni, kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi umbandela ekhethiweyo. aniline Pure kunika umbala oluhlaza, kunye umxube aniline, ortho- kunye para-toluidine iya kuba ebomvu.

amine Aliphatic ezifunekayo ukulungiselela polyamides, ezifana nenayiloni kunye neminye imicu zokwenziwa. Bona zisetyenziswa ngezobunjineli, kwakunye ekwenziweni ngeentsontelo, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye neebhanyabhanya. Ukongeza, diizotsinaty aliphatic ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa polyurethanes. Ngenxa yayo ezizodwa (ukudlala, amandla, ukuthamba kunye nokukwazi ukuba babambelele zonke iindawo) zidingeka ekwakheni (amagwebu, iglu) kunye kushishino izihlangu i (isiliphu kuphela).

Medicine - kwenye indawo apho amine zisetyenziswa. Chemistry inceda nokulungelelanisa ibe iqela antibiotics sulfonamides, ezo zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo namachiza-umgca wesibini, ukutsho oko yogcino. Kwimeko bacterium ziba ukuxhathisa amachiza ezisisiseko.

neziphumo eziyingozi emzimbeni womntu

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amine - le into ayityhefu kakhulu. Ukwenzakala usenokuyalela nawuphi na intsebenziswano kunye nabo: inhalation of umphunga, kumfowunelwa ezivulekileyo okanye ukungena uqhagamshelo ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Bayafa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini, ukuze amine (ingakumbi aniline) enebana ngehemoglobin egazini kwaye musa ndikunike ukufaka molecule oksijini. iimpawu ezothusayo ukuba ukuphelelwa umoya, unxantathu blue nasolabial kunye zomnwe, tachypnea (ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza), tachycardia, ilahleko lokuqonda.

Kwimeko lokudibana ezi zinto kwi nxalenye ubuze omzimba kufuneka zisuswe ngokukhawuleza nabo umqhaphu ngaphambili nkxu butywala. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngocoselelo ukwenzela ukuba kwandiswe indawo yongcoliseko. Ukuba kukho iimpawu ityiwe - qiniseka ukuba udibane nogqirha.

amine Aliphatic - iyityhefu ku Iindlela Wayesoyika sentliziyo. Zinokubangela uxinezeleko wesibindi ukuphela kwayo kunye umhlaza nesifo lwesinye.