Chain reaction Nuclear. Iimeko ze-chain reaction nuclear

Ithiyori ka ithi ubunzima - luhlobo elikhethekileyo lwamandla. Kulo kulandela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula ubunzima ibe lwamandla ibe nobunzima. Kwinqanaba intraatomic, ngayo loo uthathe indawo. Ngokukodwa, ezinye ubunzima ngumongo atom makabuye kakuhle ibe amandla. Oku kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, umongo lowanyathela ukuya kwinani nuclei elincinane, indlela abasabela ngayo ubizwa ngokuba 'ukuwa ". Okwesibini, iinkozo ezincinane ngokulula ukudibanisa ukufumana ezinkulu - lenjini reaction. Xa yonke, ukusabela loo nto ingaqhelekanga. Kwanele ukuba bathi fusion indlela - njengomthombo wamandla ezinkwenkwezini. Kodwa ukusabela ekonakaleni esetyenziswa yesintu reactor zenyukliya, njengoko abantu baye bafunda ukulawula ezi nkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Kodwa yintoni na chain reaction yenyukliya? Indlela yokulawula ngayo?

Kwenzeka ntoni kwi yingxenye ye atom

chain Nuclear asabela - inkqubo isebenza xa yangqubana amasuntswana nezakhiwo okanye nuclei kunye nezinye nuclei. Kutheni i "chain"? Le isethi reactions ezilandelelanayo eyodwa zenyukliya. Ngenxa yale nkqubo kukho utshintsho nucleon karhulumente quantum kunye nokwakhiwa kwi kernel, kuvela amasuntswana entsha - iimveliso basabela njani. chain Nuclear reaction, nokwakheka evumela ukuba ukuhlola indlela yentsebenziswano ye eziba kunye eziba kunye amasuntswana - indlela olungundoqo imveliso lweziqalelo ezintsha izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Ukuze siqonde indlela chain, simele siqale nodaba olulodwa.

Yintoni efunekayo ukuze yokusabela

Ukuze kuphunyezwe inkqubo enjalo, njengoko chain reaction zenyukliya, kuyimfuneko ukuba ndawonye amasuntswana (core kunye nucleon umphakathi ezimbini) xa kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-yentsebenziswano eyomeleleyo (malunga elinye Fermi). Ukuba imigama makhulu, impefumlelwano amasuntswana umthetho nje Coulomb. Kulo ngeeatom, ngokuhambelana nemithetho yonke: ulondolozo yamandla, mzuzu oluqhubekekayo, kwentlawulo baryon. Nuclear chain reaction luchazwa yi neesimboli a, b, a, d. Uphawu a kubonisa engundoqo ukuqala, b - kwisuntswana ngesiganeko, kunye - a amasuntswana amatsha asebenza, kunye d ibonisa core isiphumo.

amandla bayavuma

I-chain reaction zenyukliya ukuthatha indawo zombini ukufunxeka kunye nokukhululwa lwamandla, nto leyo ilingana umahluko ubunzima amasuntswana emva basabela naphambi kokuba. I-eneji baphilela umisela amandla ubuncinane agciniweyo ye kungquzulwano, ebizwa ngokuba embundwini ngeeatom apho ukwazi ukuhamba lula. Le Ungeno ixhomekeke amasuntswana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba nokusebenzisana, kunye neempawu zazo. Ngelo isanda, onke amasuntswana bakwimeko umyinge karhulumente kwangaphambili.

baphendule

Lo mthombo uphambili ngamasuntswana ebizwayo beziva ngumongo na namafutha yamasuntswana, nto leyo evumela iintsika protons, unako enzima kunye nuclei ukukhanya. neutron ezicothayo ezivezwa ukusetyenziswa zamandla zenyukliya. Kuba ukulungiswa yesehlo ityala amasuntswana zingasetyenziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo reactions enyukliya - zombini njini kunye ukubola. Amathuba kubo kuxhomekeke parameters ze amasuntswana leyo zingqubane. Ukususela kule amathuba esidityaniswe iimpawu ezinjalo, icandelo umnqamlezo indlela - ixabiso le ndawo olusebenzayo leyo ubonakalise engundoqo ibe lixhoba amasuntswana isehlo kwaye nto leyo umlinganiselo amathuba amasuntswana abangena ngumongo kwaye basebenzisane. Ukuba indlela akuzi amasuntswana ezinexabiso spin nonzero, eli candelo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi orientation lwabo. Ukususela emva amasuntswana engenayo hayi utsaleleka ngokungakhethiyo ngokupheleleyo, kunye nangendlela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngocwangco, zonke corpuscles ezi ngamaza. abalinganiswa ubungakanani olusukela ebomini ichaza kumda wesangqa nokwehlukana.

Isixhobo asabela

Yintoni a chain reaction yenyukliya? Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, oko ukulandelelana ngayo elula. Iinkcukacha kwisuntswana ngesiganeko kunye nentsebenziswano yawo kunye core zixhomekeke ubunzima, nesigxina, a amandla entshukumo. Intsebenziswano emiselwe iqondo inkululeko eziba, leyo yimincili xa kukho ingozi. Lokulawula phezu kwazo zonke ezo iindlela uvumela ukuba kubekho inkqubo efana elawulwa chain nuclear basabela.

ukusabela ngqo

Ukuba isuntswana ityala hits nucleus setekeni, ichukumisa nje, ixesha le ngozi kuyimfuneko nangoku ukoyisa umgama radius yenyukliya. Le ngeeatom kuthiwa ngqo. A isici bonke abasabela ngayo olu hlobo ukuqaliswa inani elincinane ngobungakanani inkululeko. Kule nkqubo, emva kwisuntswana yokungqubana wokuqala amandla kusekho ngokwaneleyo ukuze zongamele nomtsalane yenyukliya. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisana ezinjalo, njengoko neutron kwelifu inelastic, ityala exchange, kwaye ngqo. Igalelo kweenkqubo ezinjalo iimpawu ebizwa ngokuba "kwicandelo cross zizonke" kakhulu ndini. Nangona kunjalo, lo umgca unikezelo imveliso abapasa ngeeatom ukufumanisa amathuba ukukhutshwa kwe-engile kwicala umqadi, amanani quantum selectivity enabantu uthi kunye ukumisela ubume babo.

pre-lizama engcolisayo

Ukuba isuntswana angazishiyi endle intsebenziswano enyukliya emva kokuba kwenzeke ingozi yokuqala, kuya kuthatha inxaxheba ukuxubana kwezigaba ezilandelelanayo. Oku okunene kanye nto ibizwa ngokuba chain reaction yenyukliya. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko enjalo amandla agciniweyo ye amasuntswana isasazwa phakathi iindawo se kernel. Ubume efanayo kakhulu ngumongo kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngethuba lale nkqubo kwamanye nucleon okanye Iqela lonke (iqela nucleons) amandla swi, kwanele ukuba ukukhutshwa a nucleon evela ngumongo. kuthanjiswa Further kuya kukhokelela ekukhutshweni lwesilinganiso manani kwaye ukuyilwa kwento nucleus compound.

reactions chain

Yintoni a chain reaction yenyukliya? Le ulandelelwano amalungu alo. Okt reactions ezininzi ezilandelelanayo olunye zenyukliya okubangelwa amasuntswana ebizwayo kuvela njengoko imveliso ukusabela kwi amanyathelo ezidlulileyo. Yintoni kuthiwa chain reaction yenyukliya? Umzekelo, ngokucandeka of nuclei enzima, xa iziganeko ezininzi ngokucandeka luqaliswe ezifunyenwe yi yangaphambili ibola neutron.

Iimpawu chain reaction yenyukliya

Phakathi zonke ekudibaneni kwemichiza ngayo eAmsterdam distribution chain ngokubanzi. Amasuntswana ihlangene ezingasetyenziswanga hetisisa indima radicals simahla okanye atom. Kule nkqubo, njengoko chain reaction enyukliya, indlela kakade yayo ukunika neutron banayo Coulomb umqobo kwaye useza ngumongo phezu ukufunxeka. Ukuba medium ubonakala isuntswana kuyimfuneko, yenza nomxokelelwane utshintshwano ezilandelayo, eziya kuqhubeka ikhonkco scission ngenxa ukulahleka amasuntswana yenethiwekhi.

yenethiwekhi Kutheni ezilahlekileyo

Kukho izizathu ezibini kuphela ilahleko kwamasuntswana yenethiwekhi rhoqo ngayo chain. Eyokuqala kukufakwa amasuntswana ngaphandle inkqubo wokunciphisa eziziisekondari. Okwesibini - siyeka amasuntswana ngaphakathi ibandakanyekayo into exhasa inkqubo chain.

iintlobo ezimbini inkqubo

Ukuba yunithi ezelwe yenethiwekhi kuphela isuntswana ngalinye abasabela kwisithuba chain, ngoko le nkqubo kuthiwe unbranched. Alinako kungakhokelela kuphuma amandla ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Xa kukho amasuntswana ezininzi carrier, ibizwa ngokuba yokusabela branched. Yintoni a chain reaction wenyukliya eyayizalwa? Bamkela kwi isenzo yangaphambili amasuntswana zasesekondari bayaqhuba ebeqalile umxokelelwane, kodwa abanye iza kudala abasabela ezintsha eziya kwakhona lwamasebe phandle. Nale nkqubo iza ezikhuphisanayo iinkqubo ezikhokelela breakage. Le meko ngenxa luya kukhokelela ezithile senzeko ezibalulekileyo, kanye. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuqhubeka ngaphezu xo kuphela entsha, basabela self-inkxaso akunakwenzeka. Nokuba useza naye eyenziweyo ukungenisa kungena olifunayo medium inani amasuntswana, inkqubo iya kuphelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha (idla ngokukhawuleza). Ukuba inani iintsontelo ezintsha luya kugqithisela inani ikhefu, basabela ikhonkco uya kuqalisa ukuba wonke umbandela.

engaginyisi mathe

A mmandla ezibalulekileyo siyahlukana imeko ithi le nto phambili chain reaction self-waza ummandla apho olu abasabela akwenzeki konke konke. Le parameter luphawulwa ukulingana phakathi inani leesekethe ezintsha kunye nenani breaks kunokwenzeka. Njengoko phambi ophethe engaginyisi mathe yamasuntswana-free yeyona nto iphambili kuluhlu njengokuba "iimeko chain reaction zenyukliya." Impumelelo yale meko inokumiselwa eziliqela kunokwenzeka. Balani element abayingxenye enzima into yitile ngenxa neutron enye kuphela. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, njengoko ukusabela chain of ngokucandeka enyukliya, kukho neutron ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo ukuvelisa branched asabela kuwo kunye neutron uya kwenza. Kwimeko apho izinga neutron sitsala ngaphandle hlula okanye utyeshelo (rate ilahleko) ziya mababuyekezwe isantya ukuzala amasuntswana carrier, basabela ikhonkco kuya kuqhubeka kwindawo kwindlela umile. Le equation ichaza factor phindo. Kwimeko ke ilingana kumanyano ngasentla. Xa amandla enyukliya ngenxa yokwaziswa seengxelo elibi phakathi izinga ukukhululwa amandla kunye nophinda-phindo factor zinokuphunyezwa ulawulo yokusabela zenyukliya. Ukuba le ratio mkhulu kunalowo, ngoko ke indlela iza kuphuhlisa ngokucacileyo. Ongalawulekiyo chain reaction ezisetyenziswa izixhobo zenyukliya.

Nuclear chain reaction kwicandelo amandla

Le reactivity ye-reactor ixhomekeke inani elikhulu kwiinkqubo ezenzeka wommandla esebenzayo. Zonke ezi mpembelelo zimiselwa ekuthiwa ukungavumelani kwe reactivity. Impembelelo lotshintsho iqondo lobushushu kweentonga grafayithi, coolants okanye uranium reactivity ye-reactor kunye ubunzulu inkqubo percolation efana chain reaction zenyukliya, luphawulwa lomlingani lobushushu (kuba njengesipholisi, uranium, xa grafayithi). Kukho kwakhona uxhomekeke lweempawu amandla, njengako nezalathisi womoya yemida umphunga. Ukugcina indlela senyukliya reactor eziyimfuneko ukuguqula element ukuya kwenye. Kuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuthatha ingqalelo iimeko flow lwencwadi yenyukliya chain reaction - phambi kwento onako zahlule uze ulabe ngokwabo ekonakaleni kwe eziliqela amasuntswana nezakhiwo leyo, ngenxa yoko, kuya kubangela ukuba abaseleyo umphakathi candelo. Njengoko into enjalo idla ngokusetyenziswa neyuranium-238, neyuranium-235, neplutoniyam-239. Ngexesha sicatshulwa chain yenyukliya indlela izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezi zinto ziya iba kufakwe ezinye izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu imichiza. Kule nkqubo, oko ukhutshiwe ebizwa-njalo "gamma" -rays, akhululwe amandla olunzulu, kwakheka neutron ezimbini okanye ezintathu izenzo nabakwaziyo ukuqhubeka indlela. Ukwahlula phakathi neutron ecothayo fast, ngenxa yokuba ukuze nucleus atom ngayo yaphela, ezi amasuntswana kufuneka bahlasele ngesantya ethile.