Bacterium ukubola yokubola

Iintsholongwane Sihlala kwindawo yonke; kumhlaba kwaye phezu kwamanzi, phantsi komhlaba, naphantsi kwamanzi, umoya, xa imizimba ezinye izidalwa endalo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kumzimba ummeli omdala onempilo uhlanga lwabantu uhlala ngaphezu kwe-10 amawaka iintlobo Cya, kunye nobunzima babo iyonke yi-1 ukuya ku-3 ekhulwini ubunzima emzimbeni wonke. zidalwa Part kakhulu nokusetyenziswa ukutya zomgquba. Phakathi kwazo indawo ephambili ahlala ziibhaktheriya ukubola. Konakalisa iintsalela Izidumbu zezilwanyana nezityalo, lusidla ngalo mbandela.

nqubo yemvelo

Le yokubola into ephilayo yinkqubo yendalo kwaye imbopheleleko, ngokungathi zokucwangciswa kakuhle indalo. Ngaphandle ukubola bekuya kuba nzima Ukubolekisa kwezinto on Earth. Yaye nayiphi na imeko, iimpawu yokubola kuthetha ukuvela ubomi obutsha, asakhulayo kuqala. Iintsholongwane ufele apha - VIPs! Phakathi lonke ubutyebi iintlobo izinto eziphilayo abanoxanduva ixesha elide kunye nenkqubo ufunwayo.

Yini ezibolayo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kwisakhiwo utsho zibe izinto lula xa mba ukwakhiwa kwawo. Modern izazinzulu ukumelwa malunga inkqubo ebheka oganikhi khompawundi ibe ezingaphiliyo, linokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Iintsholongwane ilifa ukubola metabolic, ukuba waphula imichiza indlela yonxibelelwano emvelo equlethe initrogen. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kwi kwiproteni ifomu amandla capture kunye acid.
• Enzyme ezaqala eziphilayo ngexesha cleavage release ammonia, amine, emanzini evela iimolekyuli protein.
• Products nghena iintsholongwane nokubola umzimba, ezisetyenziswa ukuze afumane amandla.

ammonia akhululwe

Umjikelo nitrogen - njengesakhi esibalulekileyo ebomini on Earth. A micro-eziphilayo ababandakanyekayo kulo - enye kwawona maqela ezininzi. Xa yendalo, badlala indima enkulu ekubuyiseleni ehlukene emhlabeni. Ngenxa yoko igama - Isibolisi (Oko kukuthi "ukubuyisela"). Kukho ngokubanzi zimelwe iintsholongwane ukuthotywa kunye ukubola ammonifying, ngamanye ekwaziyo yokukhulula nitrogen mbandela kwabafileyo organic. It asporogenous enterobacteria, bacilli, clostridia ibihlungu-bokwakha.

subtilis eletha

subtilis eletha - enye ixhaphakileyo, yaye abaphandi bafunda iintsholongwane. Ukuhlala emhlabeni, sigcine wenza nokuphefumla usebenzisa ioksijini. Ukubunjwa umzimba - i iseli yinyukliya-free. Esi silwanyana kahle esikhulu, umfanekiso leyo inokufunyanwa ngokwandisa nje. Ukuze unikezele uvelisa hay inegciwane protease - catalyzing enzayim kuhlala iqokobhe zangaphandle zaso. Ukusebenzisa enzyme iintsholongwane utshabalalisa isakhiwo kwemolekyuli protein (peptide bundle acid asidi), acid iqela ndlela akhululwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo lwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela nezikhokelela kuyondelelaniswe lwamandla kwi iseli (ATP). Ukwehla ezibangelwa ziibhaktheriya (ukubola), sikhatshwe ukuyilwa iikhompawundi eziyityhefu eziyingozi ebantwini.

Yintoni na le nto

Eyokuqala iimveliso ekupheleni ammonia kunye emanzini. Kwakhona, ukuba amatshe ayiphelelanga wabumba:

• iityhefu cadaveric (cadaverine, umzekelo);
• ubhalo ibhedolaki ezimbaxa (skatole, indole);
• e kubola acid eziqulathe isalfure, thiols ukusekwa, dimethylsulfoxide.

Enyanisweni, kwinkqubo-sikhokelo yenkqubo okukwazi yokubola ezilawulwa - yinxalenye yenkqubo zokwetyisa izilwanyana ezininzi kunye nabantu. Senzeka ngokuqhelekileyo ikholoni, kunye iintsholongwane ezibangela ukubola kwamazinyo, kudlala indima ephambili kulo. Kodwa kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo eliyingozi omkhulu ubuthi kubola ukutya. Le ndoda xa zifuna unyango, ukuhlamba amathumbu nokubuyisela uthomalaliso microflora. Ukongeza, ukuqokelelela ammonia emzimbeni nga kuxhokonxwa ziintlobo ezithile iintsholongwane, kuquka E. coli. Ngenxa yoko, kwezinye iithishu yande ammonia. Kodwa eqhelekileyo yokusebenza zonke iinkqubo inxulumene kwi urea uze kwazona ivela emzimbeni womntu.

saprotrophs

iintsholongwane ukubola ekubhekiselelwe saprotrophs, kunye yokubola yi iintsholongwane. Zombini kugaywe organic - nitrogen kunye carbon, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, amandla yakhululwa esetyenziswa amandla kunye nenkxaso ubomi iintsholongwane. Ngaphandle ibile iintsholongwane (umz, ubisi), abantu ibingayi bafumana ukutya ezibalulekileyo ezifana iyogurt okanye netshizi. Kwakhona ngokubanzi bezisetyenziselwa ekuphekeni iwayini.

Kodwa iintsholongwane saprotrophic kunokubangela kubola kunye konakele. Le nkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo ekhatshwa ukukhululwa ebanzi carbon dioxide, ammonia, amandla, izinto eziyityhefu abantu, ngokunjalo ngokushushubeza le zeendawana (ngamanye amaxesha ukuya self-mafutha). Ngoko ke, abantu baye bafunda ukuba ukudala iimeko apho ibhaktiriya anokungenwa banokulahlekelwa kukuba nako kwabo ukuzala, okanye afe nje. La manyathelo ukhusela neemveliso ziquka nzala kunye pasteurization, apho ulondolozo zigcinwe ixesha elide kakhulu. Lose iimpawu zazo iintsholongwane ngumkhenkce imveliso. Kwamandulo, xa alikazaliseki kwaziwa iindlela zale mihla kwimveliso kungonakali microflora yayintsholongwane eyosulela wakhusela ukusetyenziswa wokwaphusa, yityuwa, saccharification, njengoko ityuwa neswekile medium Cya kupheza imisebenzi yabo zibalulekile kwaye ngexesha yokomisa kususa ezininzi amanzi eziyimfuneko ukuze ukukhula kwamagciwane .

Bacterium ekonakaleni: ukubaluleka micro-eziphilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Indima iintsholongwane kubo bonke ubomi on Earth ayikwazi nemikhuba. Kulo semvelo, ngenxa ngokwezakhono zabo ukuze baphile ammonifiers rhoqo ikwiphulo yokubola izityalo ezifileyo kunye nezilwanyana kunye ehlukene zabo ezilandelayo. Senziwe ngenxa kwezinto ezilula kunye nemixube zohlobo ezingaphiliyo, phakathi apho carbon dioxide, ammonia, emanzini kunye nabanye ababandakanyekayo ukuhamba kwezinto kukho ukutya izityalo, ukutshintshwa emfutshane amandla kummeli omnye enezityalo nezilwanyana zomhlaba ukuya kwenye, enika ithuba lobomi entsha .

nitrogen asifumaneki okukhutshwa izityalo ephezulu, kwaye ngaphandle ukubandakanyeka iintsholongwane ukubola abakwazanga wondla ngokupheleleyo kwaye ikhule.

iintsholongwane ukubola ababandakanyeka ngqo kwiinkqubo ukuyilwa emhlabeni, zibolele izinto efile eziphilayo zibe ngamalungu ayo candelo. Kuyinto impahla yabo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezolimo kunye neminye imisebenzi yabantu.

Okokugqibela, umsebenzi ezincinane ngaphandle umphezulu wathi boMhlaba, kuquka iindawo zamanzi, ebengayi enezinto ukucazulula imizimba zezilwanyana nezityalo, baza bafa kuba ixesha elininzi, ubukho emhlabeni!