BesiCyrillic and Glagolitic. iileta nangesiCyrillic. Glagolitic and Cyrillic - alfabhethi Slavic

Alfabhethi (Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic) - intlanganiso ngendlela ethile zonke iimpawu, ezithi zibonise izandi ngamnye zolwimi. Le nkqubo ibhalwe uphawu wafumana uphuhliso kakhulu elizimeleyo kwi indawo ohlala izizwe yamandulo. alphabet lenqaba "Glagolitic", wavele, wadalwa kuqala. Yintoni imfihlelo yentlanganiso yamandulo ebhalwe abalinganiswa? Yintoni Glagolitic and Cyrillic? Yintoni ixabiso abalinganiswa abaphambili? Kule kamva.

Nemfihlo inkqubo ebhaliweyo weempawu

Njengoko yaziwa, isiCyrillic kunye Glagolitic - alfabhethi Slavic. kanye igama yeNdibano efunyenwe indibanisela 'az' yaye 'beech ". Olu phawu lubonisa iincwadi ezimbini zokuqala "A" kwaye "B". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kakhulu ulwazi olunomdla zembali. ekuqaleni yaMandulo ngaphandle oonobumba kwi ezindongeni yokuqala. Oko kukuthi, bonke oonobumba zanikezelwa ngokohlobo graffiti. Ehlabathini ngenkulungwane yesi-9 kwi iindonga iintlafuno Pereslavl yabonakala oonobumba bokuqala. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva Cyrillic (imifanekiso kunye nokucaciswa kweempawu) sele ebhaliwe St. Sophia Cathedral e Kiev.

Cyrillic Russian

Kufuneka ke ukuba le ngqokelela zabalinganiswa ezibhaliweyo yamandulo, kwaye ngoku iphendula kakuhle kubume phonetic ulwimi Russian. Oku ikakhulu kubangelwa yinto yokuba ubume isandi isigama mihla yamandulo mahluko ungako, baza ke ebalulekileyo. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka ahlawule irhafu ukuya umsunguli kwenkqubo - uConstantine. Umbhali ukuthatha ngenyameko ingqalelo phoneme (isandi) inxalenye intetho endala. Njengenxalenye oonobumba besiCyrillic kuphela langoku oonobumba abakhulu. Ezahlukahlukeneyo abalinganiswa - abalinganiswa aphezulu nasezantsi - Peter zaye kuqala kuqaliswa ngo-1710-m.

iimpawu eziphambili

ileta besiCyrillic "Az" lo yokuqala. Libonisa isimelabizo "I". Kodwa ingcambu intsingiselo isimboli - elithi "ekuqaleni", "ekuqaleni" okanye "ukuqala". Eminye imibhalo zingafunyanwa "Az" lisetyenziswa ukuba lithetha "umntu" (njengokuba iimpawu). BesiCyrillic ileta "Buki" - ingqokelela isimboli uphawu yesibini. Mu kuya kwa nshita "Az" ixabiso lenani Akukhathaliseki. "Buki" - ithi "ukuba" okanye "ngeke." Kodwa umthetho, ndasebenzisa le phawu kwimizabalazo yeenguqu epheleleyo ye ezikwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, "Bodie" - "mayibe", yaye 'ukuza okanye elizayo "-" bouduschy ". BesiCyrillic ileta "bakhokelayo" njengenye yezona umdla nebandla liphela. Olu phawu liyangqinelana nenani 2. "Ndikhokele" uye iintsingiselo ezininzi - "umnikazi", "ukwazi" kunye "uyazi".

Inxalenye eliphezulu kwenkqubo iimpawu ezibhalwe

Kufuneka ke ukuba abaphandi ukufunda kucacile ngabalinganiswa, bafika kwisigqibo ukuba ezilula ngokulinganayo tye, evumela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kubo kuko. Ukongeza, naziphi benemfundo lula, ngaphandle kobunzima okukhulu, nako abamele kubo. zobulumko ezininzi, elingumthombo, bona kwilungiselelo wokwamanani weempawu ye imvisiswano kumthetho triad. Ukuze afikelele abantu, efuna ukwazi inyaniso, ukulunga kunye nokukhanya.

Umyalezo inzala ka Constantine

Kufuneka wathi Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic kwakusaziwa indalo nanto. UConstantine umzalwana wakhe Methodius nje sakhiwe imiqondiso ezibhaliweyo, kodwa wadala ingqokelela ekhethekileyo ulwazi, embiza ukuba sifune ulwazi, imfezeko, uthando nobulumko, uphambuke ezintethweni intiyo, ulunya, umona, kusale nje ukukhanya. Ngelo xesha lithile kwakucingwa ukuba Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic zadalwa phantse ngaxeshanye. Noko ke, oku akunjalo. Ngokutsho eziliqela imithombo yamandulo, owokuqala usenalo a Glagolitic. Ukuba le ntlanganiso waba ngowokuqala ukuba kusetyenziswa xa kuguqulelwa izicatshulwa zonqulo.

Glagolitic ne Cyrillic. Thelekisa. izibakala

Cyrillic and Glagolitic zadalwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Oku kuboniswa izibakala eziliqela. Glagolitic, kunye alphabet ebengumGrike, isiseko kamva Cyrillic. Xa ukuhlola iimpawu zokuqala ezibhaliweyo ukuhlangabezana abaphandi qaphela ukuba uphawu akudala kakhulu (ingakumbi, xa ekufundweni "Amagqabi Kiev" kwinkulungwane ye-10). Nangona oonobumba isiCyrillic, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngakumbi mkhombe kufutshane zale mihla. Ingxelo yokuqala ngohlobo umfanekiso lomzobo zabalinganiswa ezibhaliweyo yomhla we-893, zonyaka kunye kufutshane isandi kunye nesakhiwo lungelelanisa ngayo ulwimi abantu bamandulo yelasezantsi. On Glagolitic kakhulu yamandulo ibonisa kwakhona ngegama, nto leyo ngqangi yesikhumba, apho okubhaliweyo endala bawuphose umhlaba abawuphalileyo nezibhaliweyo phezu obutsha. Bonke bawuphose umhlaba abawuphalileyo oonobumba Glagolitic, uze emva koko phezu kwalo, sibhalwe Cyrillic. Akukho namnye obizwa yaba hayi enye indlela ngeenxa zonke.

Isimo sengqondo of the Catholic Church

Kule ncwadi, kukho ubungqina bokuba intlanganiso yokuqala zabalinganiswa elibhaliweyo iqulunqwe uConstantine Philosopher enye ileta yamandulo neRunic. Kukholelwa ukuba oko kusetyenziswa nokuxubana emisebenzini kunye umyalelo zobuhedeni engcwele phambi ubuKristu samkelwa. Kodwa ke ubungqina oku, enyanisweni, ukuqinisekisa ubukho isikripthi neRunic, akukho. I-Roman Catholic Church, wamelana ukuziphatha iinkonzo kwi Slavonic ulwimi Croat Glagolitic kwachazwa ngokuthi "oonobumba ngalinye." Abanye abefundisi obala oonobumba entsha, esithi ukuba yaqanjwa Methodius imbuka, ngubani "kwi Slavonic ukubhala ababuxoki babe baninzi nxamnye unqulo yamaKatolika."

imbonakalo yekharakhtha

Glagolica kunye neeleta besiCyrillic hlukile enye kwenye imilo. Xa i amanqaku inkqubo imbonakalo yokubhala ngaphambili kwezinye Imizuzu ingqamana Khutsuri (unobumba Georgian wadala phambi ngenkulungwane yesi-9, ngenxa, mhlawumbi, Armenian). Inani iileta kwaye kwi alphabet eyahlukileyo iyafana - 38 Abanye abalinganiswa ngamnye kwaye yonke inkqubo "dorisovyvanie" izangqa encinane iziphelo imigca, xa lilonke, kukho ukufana ngokukhawuleza kwi iifonti yamaYuda cabalistic aphakathi kunye "neRunic" ufihlo Icelandic. Zonke ezi zibakala inokuba ingakhethi ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni kukho ubungqina bokuba uConstantine Philosopher ukufunda iitekisi yesiHebhere yamandulo kweyoqobo, oko kukuthi, mna wayeqhelene script oriental (ezichazwe kwi "Ubomi 'yakhe). Phawula phantse zonke iincwadi Glagolitic badla usukele kuko Greek. Kuba weempawu ezinga-Greek ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yamaYuda. Ke phakathi iifom iinkcazo Umbhalo ethile ezibambekayo phantse naluphi uphawu olunye hayi.

Iimfano neeyantlukwano

alfabhethi besiCyrillic kunye Glagolitic kwiinguqulelo yabo yokuqala yokutshintsha amalungu liphantse lifane ngokupheleleyo. Kuphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kulwandlalo ubuntu. Xa uhlelo lwesibini iitekisi Glagolitic typographically imiqondiso indawo Cyrillic. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba bambalwa abantu namhlanje ingakuqonda uphawu yamandulo ngakumbi. Kodwa wokutshintsha alfabhethi lomnye hayi amaxabiso ezifanayo lwamanani koonobumba. Kwezinye iimeko oku kukhokelela lihlazo. Ngokomzekelo, xa kukho amanani Glagolitic bahambelana ulandelelwano oonobumba ngokwabo, yaye ephindwe besiCyrillic zinxulunyaniswa kwabo kwe kwi alphabet Greek.

Ukuqeshwa incwadi yamandulo

Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthetha malunga ezimbini iintlobo iileta Glagolitic. Ukwahlula endala "setyhula", eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Bulgarian", yaye kamva "emboxo" okanye "Croat" (ngoko igama ngenxa yokuba sisetyenziselwa yonqulo Croatian yamaKatolika de kwinkulungwane yama-20.). Inani loonobumba kule yokugqibela zehla ngcembe ngabalinganiswa 41 ukuya kwi-30. Ukongezelela, kwakukho (kunye incwadi ogunyazisiweyo) unobumba Italic. Glagolitic phantse akaze asetyenziswe Russia Ancient - kwezinye iimeko, kukho "amabala" separate iziqwenga nangesiCyrillic text Glagolitic. ileta yaMandulo ngokuyintloko ziyilelwe ukuba adlulisele (transfer) Iintlanganiso ibandla, waza walondoloza ezikhumbuzo yokuqala Russian yeeleta zasekhaya ukuya mzuzu zokwamkelwa ubuKristu (mbhalo endala uthathwa ukuba umbhalo kwesiqingatha 1 senkulungwane 10 phezu kwembiza, afumaneka kwi Nest ndunduma) are nangesiCyrillic .

uqikelelo senkolelo malunga nokubaluleka indalo le ncwadi yamandulo

Ukuyivuma Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic zadalwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, bathi izinto ezimbalwa. Ngelo xesha linye lowo wokuqala yamiselwa ngokusekelwe owesibini. Le lesikhumbuzo endala Slavic zokubhala wabhalwa Glagolitic. ezifunyaniswe Okuninzi zakutshanje ziquka okubhaliweyo ngcono. ngqangi isiCyrillic, ukongeza, iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka zikhutshelwa kwi Glagolitic. Kulo igrama yokuqala, upelo kunye nesimbo yaziswe ngendlela egqibeleleyo. Ekuhlalutyeni ngqangi babone unxulumano ngqo oonobumba Glagolitic Cyrillic. Ngoko ke, incwadi yokugqibela ithathwa efanayo-iindumbisa iileta zamaGrike. Ekufundeni iitekisi advanced waphawula iimpazamo ngokulandelana. Oku kungenxa yokuba Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic ithathe inkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukuvumelana ngamanani. amaxabiso ngamanani zaye kuqala swi oonobumba yesiGrike.

Yiyiphi inkqubo yeesimboli ebhaliweyo nangoku zaba ku Constantine?

Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuba bulumko lokuqala Glagolitic, yaye ngoko, ngoncedo umzalwana wakhe Methodius, - oonobumba Cyrillic. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina ukukuphikisa oko. UConstantine wayewazi kwaye wayeyithanda ulwimi isiGrike. Ukongeza, wakhonza wevangeli ecaweni Mpuma orthodox. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi wakhe ukutsala abantu Slavic ukuya kwiCawa Greek. Kule nkalo, oko wenza mqondo ukuba bazobe i inkqubo ebhaliweyo asuka izizwe, ikhono imbono kunye nokuqonda iZibhalo kwabo kubo isiGrike sele eziqhelekileyo. Emva ngokudala inkqubo yokubhala entsha, nobunzima, kwaba nzima ukucinga ukuba le ncwadi yamandulo akudala bekuya kuba zithandwa kakhulu. I Cyrillic alfabhethi ngakumbi ecacileyo, elula, enhle ecacile. Kwaba lula ukuba abantu abaninzi. Nangona Glagolitic waba kugxininiswa omxinwa, yaye kujongwe ukuba ukutolika iincwadi zonqulo engcwele. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba yokuba uConstantine ndandishumayela ekwenzeni inkqubo esekelwe kwi-Greek. Yaye kamva Cyrillic ngakumbi inkqubo lula kwaye elula, indawo Glagolitic.

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi

Sreznevsky ngo-1848 kwiincwadi zakhe ukuba xa nokuvavanya ngeempawu zabalinganiswa ezininzi Glagolitic, sinokugqiba ukuba oku zakudala ngakumbi, yaye Cyrillic - igqibelele ngakumbi. Ulwalamano ezi nkqubo zivela kwezinye boonobumba, isandi. Kodwa oonobumba efanayo besiCyrillic kuye kwaba lula ngakumbi lula. Ngowe-1766, lo nyaka i Earl Clement Grubisichem wapapasha incwadi malunga imvelaphi zeenkqubo uphawu ebhaliweyo. Kwincwadi yakhe umbhali sithi oonobumba Glagolitic wadalwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe yaye ke ngoko yingqokelela ngakumbi yamandulo zabalinganiswa ngaphezu Cyrillic. Ehlabathini-1640, unyaka Raphael Lenakovichem "incoko yababini" kwathiwa, apho athi phantse into enye kwaye Grubisich, kodwa phantse 125 kwiminyaka ngaphambili. Kukho iingxelo Chernoriza nesibindi (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-10). Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "On Ukubhala", yena wabethelela ukuba Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic babe umahluko omkhulu. Xa imibhalo yakhe Chernoriz Abakhaliphileyo ucebisa ukuba khona ukunganeliseki wadala ngabazalwana uConstantine NoMethodius inkqubo imiqondiso ebhaliweyo. Umbhali uveza kakhulu ngokucacileyo yokuba ukuba Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic asitsho ukuba Eyokuqala kumisa phambi owesibini. Abanye abaphandi, isilinganiso umkhondo abanye abalinganiswa ( "u", umzekelo) wenza ngaphandle kwezo zichazwe ngasentla, izigqibo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, oko kuqala wadala oonobumba isiCyrillic, uze kuphela - oonobumba Glagolitic.

isiphelo

Nangona inani enkulu kangangoko nengenzulu izimvo impikiswano malunga imbonakalo Glagolitic kunye Cyrillic, ixabiso inkqubo ebhaliweyo miqondiso omkhulu. Ukuvela kweempawu ngesandla Ukudibana abantu bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ukongeza, ukudalwa abazalwana Constantine NoMethodius baba umthombo gqitha ulwazi. Kunye zamagama kwasekwa ulwimi zoncwadi. amagama abaninzi namhlanje zifumaneka ezahlukahlukeneyo iziyelelane ezinxulumene - Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian kunye nezinye iilwimi. Kunye inkqubo entsha weempawu ezibhaliweyo imbono abantu batshintsha omdala - enyanisweni nokudalwa Slavic alphabet Wayeqhogene ukwamkelwa kunye nokwanda ukholo lamaKristu, ukungahoywa namahlelo yamandulo kwakudala.