Alfabhethi Slavonic. Old Slavonic alphabet - ixabiso oonobumba. zincwadi Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic Alphabet - ingqokelela abalinganiswa ibhalwe ngendlela ethile, evakalisa izandi ezithile. Le nkqubo kwanele ukuphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo kummandla ohlala abantu bamandulo Russian.

Background Brief Historical

Ekupheleni konyaka 862, Prince Rostislav wajika waya uMikayeli (baseByzantium uMlawuli) ukuthumela ulawulo yakhe (Great Moravia) abashumayeli ngenjongo ekusasazeni ubuKristu ngolwimi Slavic. Le nto yokuba ifundwe ngoxa Latin, leyo angaqhelekanga nentsonkothileyo ebantwini. Michael wathumela amaGrike ezimbini - Constantine (igama uCyril uya kufumana kamva kwi-869 xa kusenziwa monasticism) NoMethodius (ubhuti). Olu lukhetho nto ngengozi. Abazalwana babeziinzalelwane Solun (Thessaloniki ngesiGrike), injengele entsapho. Omabini wafumana imfundo elungileyo. UConstantine waba baqeqeshwe kwintendelezo nguMlawuli uMichael III, umyalelo omhle iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka Arabic, isiHebhere, isiGrike, Slavic. Ukongeza, wafundisa intanda, apho wabizwa - uConstantine Philosopher. Methodius waba ngowokuqala emkhosini, waza wabaleka iminyaka eliqela enye yeendawo apho nokuxubana waphila. Emva koko, lo mzalwana umdala waya woonongendi. Akuzange uhambo lwabo lokuqala - ukuya 860-m, abazalwana wenza iphulo kunye nomnqophiso noonozakuzaku njongo Khazars.

It wadala inkqubo iimpawu ezibhaliweyo?

Ukuba bashumayele ulwimi Slavic, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuguqulela iZibhalo Ezingcwele. Kodwa inkqubo iimpawu ezibhalwe ngexesha yayingekabikho. UConstantine ngokuphathelele nokudalwa-alfabhethi. Methodius ngenkuthalo eyisiza. Ngenxa yoko, kwi-863 kunyaka th ka oonobumba bokuqala besiCyrillic (ixabiso oonobumba uya kunikwa ngezantsi) zadalwa. inkqubo Iimpawu ezibhaliweyo eyayikho ngeendlela ezimbini: i Glagolitic kunye Cyrillic. Nanamhla oku, izazinzulu abavumelani apho zeenketho iye yasekwa nguCyril. Ngenxa inxaxheba Methodius zaye zaguqulelwa ezinye iincwadi zonqulo zamaGrike. Ngoko nokuxubana kuba nethuba lokufunda nokubhala ngolwimi lwabo. Ukongeza, abantu bafumana nje inkqubo imiqondiso ebhaliweyo. Slavonic alphabet yaba isiseko isigama boncwadi. Amanye amagama kwaye ngoku zingafunyanwa Ukrainian, Russian, lwesigodi Bulgarian.

Isimboli yokuqala - igama lokuqala

Oonobumba bokuqala of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet - "az" yaye "Buki" - ebekwe phantsi, enyanisweni, igama. Ziyangqinelana "A" kwaye "B" waza waqalisa inkqubo iimpawu. Njengokuba kakuhle kwakukhangeleka oonobumba bokuqala besiCyrillic? Images baba graffiti yokuqala wayebhale ezindongeni. Imiqondiso yokuqala ukuvela malunga ngenkulungwane yesi-9, iindonga kwiicawa Pereslavl. Yaye ngenkulungwane ye-11 Slavonic alfabhethi, kuye kwabonakala ukuguqulelwa ezinye iimpawu kunye nentsingiselo yazo e Kiev, eSt Sophia Cathedral. Umjikelo entsha yophuhliso lokubhala ibenegalelo isiganeko kwenzeka ngo-1574, lo unyaka. Ke kwakukho eprintiweyo "Old Slavonic alphabet." ngumdali yawo Ivan Fedorov.

amaxesha zonxibelelwano kunye neziganeko

Xa ujonga emva, awukwazi ngaphandle umdla ukuqaphela ukuba oonobumba Slavonic wayengekho nje iseti wayalela zeesimboli ebhaliweyo. Le amanqaku nkqubo yavula abantu abatsha, ekhokelela umendo ekupheleleni umntu emhlabeni, kwaye ukholo entsha. Abaphandi ujonge maxesha kweziganeko, umahluko iminyaka 125 kuphela phakathi, zibonisa unxulumano ngqo kunye nokudalwa ukusekwa abalinganiswa ubuKristu ebhaliweyo. Kuba phantse ikhulu leminyaka abantu baye bakwazi ukuphelisa inkcubeko endala akudala kwaye amkele ukholo entsha. Uninzi mbali akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukuvela inkqubo yokubhala entsha inxulumene ngqo ukwamkela ekugqibeleni kwaye isasazeka ubuKristu. Slavonic alfabhethi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngentla, wadalwa kwi-m 863 no 988-m Vladimir ngokusesikweni yabhengeza ukuqaliswa ngokommiselo kwe ukholo olutsha nokutshatyalaliswa izithethe kwakudala.

inkqubo kweempawu imfihlakalo

Abaphengululi abaninzi ukufunda imbali lokubhala, bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba oonobumba Slavonic alphabet luhlobo yokubhala eyimfihlo. Yena akazange kuphela zonqulo nzulu, kodwa kwakhona ngengqiqo bulumko. Kwangaxeshanye, Slavonic oonobumba zenza kwinkqubo ubhalo-zemathematika. Ukuthelekisa ezi ziphumo, abaphandi bagqibe ukuba intlanganiso yokuqala ye-umlinganiswa ebhaliweyo wadalwa ukuze uhlobo kwamamdla ngokupheleleyo, kungekhona nje isakhiwo ngazo, eziyinxalenye yeNkqubo, ngokuthi kongezwe ezinye iintlobo ezintsha. Iimpawu umdla, olu sapho lwaluquka Slavonic Alphabet. Inkoliso yabo abalinganiswa, amanani. Kwe kwi alphabet besiCyrillic yinkqubo Greek yokubhala yamandulo. I-Old Church Slavonic alfabhethi iileta 43. ezingu 24 abolekwe zamaGrike amandulo, 19 - zisentsha. Isibakala sokuba ulwimi zesiGrike akazange izandi ezithile, apho ngelo xesha i nokuxubana. Ngako oko, incwadi yamanqaku ayikhange ibe efanayo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye abalinganiswa ezintsha, 19, iye abolekwe kwezinye iindlela zokubhala, yaye ezinye - wadalelwa uConstantine.

"Higher" yaye inxalenye "ngaphantsi" ka

Ukuba ujonga kuyo yonke le nkqubo yokubhala, kunokuba ube zizahlulo ngokucacileyo ezimbini ngokwaneleyo ukwaba, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inxalenye yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba kwaye eyesibini "eliphezulu", ngokulandelelana, "asezantsi". KwiQela 1 ibandakanya oonobumba A-F ( "DS" - "Pert"). Basimisela uluhlu lwamagama, symbols. intsingiselo yazo yayicacile kuyo nayiphi benemfundo. "Lower" yinxalenye ekuqalekeni, "sha" kwaye iphela nge "izhitsa". Aba ngabo abanayo ixabiso lenani wayisa kunakuhlanga elibi ngokwayo. Ukuze siqonde efihla, akwanelanga nje ukuba ubone ngokufutshane yakhe. Kuyimfuneko ukuba zicacelwe yintsingiselo imifuziselo - enyanisweni ngamnye kubo imali Constantine core kwisemantiki. Yintoni efuziselwa imiqondiso leyo bekukusasa alphabet besiCyrillic?

Intsingiselo yoonobumba

"Az", "beech", "bakhokelayo" - ezi iileta ezintathu zaye zabhalwa ekuqaleni inkqubo iimpawu. Ileta yokuqala "Az". Ndiya kudla kuyo ngohlobo isimelabizo "I". Kodwa ingcambu intsingiselo yalo nophawu amagama afana "ukuqala", "Okokuqala", "ekuqaleni". Eminye imibhalo zingafunyanwa "Az" ubhekisela "omnye" inani, "Az Yiya uVladimir." Noba le kutolikwa nje uphawu 'ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni "(ekuqaleni). Le leta, ngoko, i-nokuxubana okhethwe intsingiselo yentanda bobukho bakhe, echaza ukuba akukho kuphela ngaphandle ukuqala, akukho ukukhanya ngaphandle ubumnyama, akukho bubi ngaphandle okulungileyo. Ingqwalasela engundoqo yabekwa isakhiwo yehlabathi ka-mbini. Kodwa ke oonobumba Slavonic, eneneni, senziwe ngendlela efanayo, yaye wahlulwe ube zahlulo-2, njengoko kutshiwo ngasentla, "ngaphezulu" (HIV) kunye "elisezantsi" (negative). "Az" obabulingana inani "1", nto leyo, amelwe kwasekuqaleni yonke omhle. Ukufunda ukubhula abantu, abaphandi bathi bonke abantu wayesele yahlulwe even and odd. Kuyo yokuqala ezinxulumene into embi, yaye into yesibini zabonisa elungileyo, eqaqambileyo, eyakhayo.

"Buki"

Le leta walandela "Az". "Buki" waba lixabiso lenani. Noko ke, eyona ntsingiselo zeentanda-bulumko kolu phawu kwakungekho kakhulu ngaphantsi. "Buki" - ithi "ukuba", "intando". Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kusetyenziswa isantya kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, "Bodie" - ukuba "mayibe", "kwixesha elizayo" - "ezayo", "kwixesha elizayo". La mazwi yamandulo nokuxubana wavakalisa ukuba akunakuphepheka iziganeko elizayo. Ngelo xesha, ukuba babe amabi kwaye lisibekele, kwaye kamnandi yaye ulungile. Akwaziwa ncam kutheni le ncwadi yesibini amaxabiso uKonstantin digital ngaba akunikwa. Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba oku ngenxa ubumbaxa ye incwadi ngokwayo.

"Yisa"

Olu phawu umdla ethile. "Ndikhokele" elihambelana uku bana 2. botyiso lwelayini, njengoko "inkosi", "uyazi", "uyazi". Ukubeka ntsingiselo kwi "bakhokelayo ', uKonstantin ulwazi siyavumelana - njengesipho kuThixo ephakamileyo. Ukuba nidibanisa abalinganiswa emithathu yokuqala, ngoko ibinzana elithi "Ndiza kwazi." Oku uConstantine wayefuna ukubonisa ukuba umntu ivula oonobumba, ngoko ukufumana ulwazi. Kufuneka athi malunga umthwalo kwisemantiki "bakhokelayo." "2" - ezimbini, isibini wathabatha inxaxheba izithethe ezahlukeneyo zobugqi, kwaye ngokubanzi ibonisa mbini yabo emhlabeni wonke wasezulwini. "Ababini" kwakuthetha nokuxubana Union of wezulu nomhlaba. Ukongeza, eli nani efuzisela mbini le ndoda - ubukho okulungileyo nokubi kuyo. Ngamanye amazwi, i "2" - kukumelana rhoqo phakathi kwamaqela. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i "ezimbini" ubala inani boMtyholi - oko yayisayanyaniswa iipropati ezininzi ezimbi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba yena lo, wawavulayo uthotho amanani akhabayo, ithwele ukufa komntu. Kule meko, ukuzalwa kwamawele, umzekelo, njengento lithamsanqa ezimbi, ukuba inaso esi sifo nonxunguphalo ngeenxa usapho. Kuye ingqalelo amashwa rock ezalwa ngenxa ababini, wazisula itawuli abantu ababini, kwaye ngokubanzi ukwenza into kunye. Noko ke, nazo zonke iimpawu ezimbi zabantu "ababini" ukuqaphela iimpawu zayo imilingo. Kwaye izithethe ezininzi kuyo amawele okanye izinto ezifanayo esetyenziselwa ukuba azigxothe imimoya emdaka.

Imiqondiso ezifana Ndinelizwi lasentsithelweni ukuba inzala

Zonke Slavonic iileta - eziphezulu. Iinguqulelo zokuqala ezimbini ngabo ezibhaliweyo - negama eliphezulu yaye - zaqaliswa yi uPetros Great ngo-1710, lo unyaka. Ukuba ujonga kwi Old Slavonic alphabet - ixabiso unobumba-magama ingakumbi - kunokwenzeka ukuqonda ukuba uConstantine waba nje inkqubo yokubhala, yaye wazama ukuba adlulisele intsingiselo ekhethekileyo bobempunde. Umzekelo, ukuba ufake iimpawu ezithile, ungafumana ibinzana ubhalo yayisetyenziselwa:

"Ndikhokele isenzi" - uthi imfundiso;

"Nimi Ouk" - kuqinisa umthetho;

"Rtsy ILizwi okuqinileyo" - uthetha ilizwi lenyaniso, njl

Order nesimbo uphawu

Abaphandi inxaxheba kuphononongo lwe-alfabhethi, ucinga indlela elungelelaniswe ngayo kuqala, i "liphezulu" inxalenye evela iimbono ezimbini. Okokuqala, umlinganiswa ngamnye idityaniswe okwalandela ibe ibinzana lebyi. Oku kungathathwa a non-ejikelezayo iipatheni ukuba mhlawumbi yaqanjwa zokunkqaya lula kwaye ekhawulezayo-alfabhethi. Ukongeza, inkqubo esibhaliweyo ziimpawu kuqwalaselwa ukusuka kwindawo imbono ukubhula. Emva kokuba bonke oonobumba namanani bahambelana ezazibekwe ukuze inyuka. Ngaloo ndlela, "Az" - A - 1, - 2, ngoko R - 3, ngoko D - 4 kwaye phambili ezilishumi. Amashumi yaqala yi "K". Ngokubalwa kwawo iiyunithi umyalelo efanayo 10, 20, 30, njl 100. Ngaphandle kokuba oonobumba zabhalwa Slavonic ngeepateni, zibe lula yaye kulula. Zonke abalinganiswa afaneleka ngokugqibeleleyo ukubhala ngokudibanisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu musa befumana ubunzima oonobumba umfanekiso.

Uphuhliso abalinganiswa System ebhaliweyo

Xa sithelekisa Old Church kwaye oonobumba mihla, ungabona ukuba iileta 16 kulahlekileyo. BesiCyrillic kwaye namhlanje idibana ukwakhiwa isigama isandi Russian. Oku ikakhulu ngenxa divergence hayi elibukhali ngokunjalo isakhiwo Slavic kunye neelwimi Russian. Kunika umdla ukuba ulungiselelo lwe-alfabhethi Cyrillic Constantine wathabatha ingqalelo ngononophelo yezandi (isandi) inxalenye yokuthetha. I-Old Church Slavonic alphabet yayizinyaswe ngabalinganiswa ezibhaliweyo isiGrike ezisixhenxe, ekuqaleni engeyomfuneko kuba ukudluliselwa izandi ulwimi Old Slavonic: "omega", "Xi", "psi", "phi", "izhitsa". Kwakhona ababekhona abalinganiswa ababini ukuba isandi athetha "yaye", yaye "z" kule nkqubo: yesibini - "kunene" yaye "umhlaba", kuba wokuqala - "kunye" yaye "ilk". Leligama kuthi ononyawo. Ukuqukwa ezi oonobumba alfabhethi ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela eyiyo intetho yamaGrike nezandi amagama abolekwe kulo. Kodwa umsindo libizwa ngendlela endala Russian. Ngoko ke, imfuneko yokusebenzisa ezi mpawu ebhaliweyo ekugqibeleni shwaka. Kwakhona obalulekileyo utshintsho kwi sicelo kunye nokubaluleka oonobumba "ep" ( "b") kunye "Efe" (s). Ekuqaleni, ukuba lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela i okuncitshiswe (ukuncipha) bezikhamiso abangevayo: "b" - omalunga kwi "malunga", "s" - omalunga kwi "e". Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izikhamiso qegu ababuthathaka laqala ukunyamalala (le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba 'ukuwa abengevayo "), yaye ezi iisimboli ifunyenwe neminye imisebenzi.

isiphelo

iinkcuba abaninzi sabona abalinganiswa yedijithali ebhalwe phantsi oziqu umgaqo, ukulungelelana ngokomoya, ofikelela umntu ekufuneni kwakhe inyaniso, ukukhanya, ukulunga. Ku dyondza alfabhethi kunye ezisisiseko yawo, abaphandi abaninzi bagqibe ukuba uConstantine ekhohlo bobempunde uyindalo elinqabileyo, ubiza for self-ukuphucula, ubulumko kunye nothando, ukufundisa, uphambuke ezindleleni ezimnyama intiyo, umona, ulunya, ukunyelisa.