"Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998. 1998 default eRussia

Emva kokuba eSoviet Union yaphela, eRashiya phantse lonk iingxaki zemali. Imo efunwa ngabantu mali yangaphandle, inkonzo ityala bangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayikwazanga. Ngenxa yoko, inani enkulu kuphela mboleko zangaphandle kodwa zangaphakathi bakha ityala elikhulu yoluntu. Ukuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuba isiganeko edumileyo waya ezantsi imbali "Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998.

Ngokwanda ityala likarhulumente, okanye njani bonke baqala

Ngokwenkcazelo yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation, ngexesha lobunzima, i SMP ingqamana-24 ezigidi zeerandi. Xa oku ityala GKO / OFZ bakwezoshishino non-abahlali kunye nemarike stock yaba $ 36 yezigidi zezigidi. Ubukhulu avareji kwamatyala yonyaka ukuya non-abahlali wasondela ngemfano $ 10 ezigidi ngonyaka. Kuxhotyiwe imeko nokwehla okukhulu kwamaxabiso izinto ekrwada kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwehlisa wachukumisa oyile, irhasi kunye nesinyithi. Ngelo xesha kwelaseAsiya waqalisa lombhodamo kwiimalike zemali. yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle kweli eRashiya Sehle izihlandlo eziliqela, izinga lonaniselwano dollar ngo-1998 yahlaziywa iphezulu, kunye ababolekisi amazwe baqalisa ukuba amathandabuzo ezinzulu kunye neenkxalabo ngokwemiqathango yokunikezela ngenkxaso-mali kurhulumente ukuya meko ezingazinzanga yezoqoqosho.

edala umdintsi: konke oko yaqala ngoJulayi

Nangona le meko kakhulu kweli lizwe, "Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998 kuye kwaziswa ukusebenza Michel Camdessus, ke ngoko isikhundla UMlawuli we -IMF. Ngenxa yamazwi akhe isiphumo ukuba nokuba zonke iimeko-mali IMF eRashiya akayi kuba nako ukukhupha mboleko mali $ 15 billion, nto leyo eye acele bekhathazekile malunga ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke baba ingakumbi abukhali.

Sele Julayi 7 CBR wayeka ngokupheleleyo ukukhutshwa amaziko ezemali afana mboleko Lombard. iintetho Julayi 9 ziye zabanjwa, iziphumo apho urhulumente ukuba onke amathuba okufumana i-mboleko kwi-mali ka-22,6 ezigidi zeerandi. Ngosuku olulandelayo, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wazise ukuba ukwehla uya kuzisa lizwe ubabalo ngaphambili, kwaye necacileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqoqosho.

utshintsho intsomi mood

Iziganeko ezenzeke kweli lizwe ekupheleni ngoJulayi, wabanika ithemba lokuba kungagqibekanga ka 1998 nga ha endleka. Ngenxa yoko, 29 urhulumente labelwe esona Isigaba sokuqala uhlobo likaxakeka zokuboleka amazwe. ubukhulu balo malunga $ 14 billion. ukwehla isisongelo iye ayehla. 24 efanayo izinga nyanga mboleko kwehliswa ixabiso le-60%. Bit indawo yokusebenza ziimvakalelo entle Andreya Illarionova, waba ngumlawuli we Institute Economic. Wagxeka-nkqubo ezisemthethweni karhulumente zanyanzelisa ekukhawuleziseni ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke.

Iziganeko ka-Agasti 1998 - i isilinganiselo lobunzima

I-1998 ntlekele eRashiya waba mandundu emva kokuba senze yethutyana for 5 Agasti, xa urhulumente wacela uRhulumente ukuba kwandiswe umda zokuboleka ukusuka $ 6 billion ukuya 14. Eli Isisombululo ngokucacileyo kubonisa isibakala sokuba eli lizwe nje akakwazi ngemali mali yayo kwimithombo zasekhaya.

NgoAgasti 6 States anikwa Isigaba sesithathu xa kuvuselelwa uqoqosho $ 1.5 yezigidi zezigidi. kwetyala Russian emakethe zomhlaba ziwe kumaxabiso azo asezantsi. 1998 "Black NgoLwesine" konyaka wawusondela yasondela.

Kokuwa ngcembe kuqoqosho

Kokuwa ingenakunqandwa kweekowuteshini izibambiso Russian zigcinelwe-11 ka-Agasti. Izabelo a th wawisa ngosuku nge 7.5%. Nantsi ke imbangi bokumisa zorhwebo. Emini, esilwela iibhanki baqhubeka kuthenga imali yelinye ilizwe. Ngokuhlwa ngaloo mini, xa ngo-1998 izinga lonaniselwano dollar ifikelele incopho yayo, uninzi yeebhanki ezinkulu kweli lizwe baye bayeka yonke imisebenzi yabo.

August 12 umdla elibukhali kwi lwemali yaba yimfuneko ukuba ngxi epheleleyo imarike ozalwa ngetyala. Yaqala linengxaki amatyala. Iibhanki ukuba kufuneka izixa ezikhulu mali ukuhlangabezana neemfanelo zalo phantsi kwezivumelwano phambili, baye wadibana ubunzima kwemali-mboleko. CB proinitsiiroval imida yokunciphisa imali kwiibhanki zorhwebo inkulu, kunokuba kakhulu kwanciphisa imali yabo kwi isondlo engange. Agency Moody`s and Standard & Poor`s Agasti 13, wabhengeza ukuhla elibukhali kwi ixesha elide isilinganiso karhulumente. UMphathiswa wezeMali kunye noSekela-Mlawuli we-Central Bank ingxelo eendaba ukuba imarike exchange angaphandle kunye bond karhulumente ukususela Apha ziya kuxhaswa ngemali. Agasti 14 zinokubonakala ezitratweni kufuphi kwiindonga yonke imigca abagcinisa ababezama ukubuyisa imali yabo.

"Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998

Black ibala kwimbali Russian osihloko sithi "Black ngoLwesine" kwakuthetha technical engagqibekanga yelizwe, ukungakwazi ukuhlawula nezibophelelo zawo - nokuba zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi. Agasti 17, emva kokuba intetho Sergeya Kirienko, abahlala isithuba zentloko karhulumente, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ukwehla kwenzeka. Wathetha imisebenzi ejoliswe uzinzo kunye kuqheleke zombini zemali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.

iintsuku 90 bamiswa ukuzaliseka izibophelelo bamazwe angaphandle kwi-mboleko imicimbi ngaphakathi sikhokelo yezabelo zorhwebo nokwenza ukhuseleko. Ngokupheleleyo wayeka yokuthengiswa T-eyilwayo. Russia iye yabangela ukuba ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano. Emva kokuba ukwandiswa kwipaseji engange-6 ukuya 9.3 dollar ukulawula imeko nganye, uRhulumente akazange akwazi. 1998, i-dollar kwiinyanga nje ezimbini liye landa izihlandlo ezininzi, yaye ngo-Oktobha yaba engange 15.9 dollar nganye, xa kuthelekiswa ne-engange 6 ekuqaleni kwehlobo 1998.

Yintoni kwenzekayo elizweni emva iphutha?

Emva kokuba isaziso ngokusesikweni 1998 olungagqibekanga, iibhanki bayeka ukukhutshwa iidipozithi ngoko nangoko. Le meko ngenxa yokuba amaziko zemali izibophelelo ezivakaliswa zeedollar, kunye asethi - in engange. Ukuba uqale kokukhupha iidipozithi xa kukho ukwehla, uya kuba umngxuma kuxwebhu, apho engozini inkqubo zebhanki yonke karhulumente.

International Organization of Visa Int. sivale ukutyunjwa lizwe ikhadi "Imperial" ibhanki enkulu. Zonke ezinye amaziko zemali akhuthazwa ukuba ayeke ukukhupha imali kwi amakhadi. ngo 1998. I-dollar eliphezulu liye laba isisekelo sokuba umlomo ukusekwa umahluko phakathi ukuthenga nokuthengisa iimali kuba ngaphezu kwe-15%. Kukho ukhetho ngokwendalo amaziko ezemali, eshiya esinamandla kuphela. ukwala wabelithiyiwe ukuqaliswa wolawulo okwethutyana. Siboleka zolawulo-mali yenzeka kwiimeko yawo yosasazo kwi nokulahlwa zezabelo karhulumente. Ke kwabakho ummiselo ukususa amagunya ezivela kwiKhabhinethi kunye agxothwe intloko imicimbi karhulumente.

ilahleko yemali

A real kunye neembono ezintsha ukukhunjulwa abemi ezininzi lizwe ngenxa ka-1998. Default eRashiya kukhokelele ilahleko Agasti 96 ezigidi zeerandi. ilahleko abucala yaba ubuncinane $ 19 billion. Amaziko zemali yorhwebo baye balahlekelwa-mali ka-45 ezigidi zeerandi. Iingcali ezininzi kwihlabathi-mali oyikholelwayo ukuba la manani iphantsi kakhulu.

GDP yadla $ 150 yezigidi zezigidi. Isimo onetyala inkulu ehlabathini waso eRussia ngo Agasti 1998. engange sele ixabiso kakhulu, kwaye stock ityala lwangaphandle ngexesha elifanayo ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-220 ezigidi zeerandi. Esi sixa ingqamana 147% ye-GDP. Ityala lwangaphandle - ayikho into kuphela bazizisa 1998. Default eRashiya kuye kwakhokelela ematyaleni zasekhaya. izibophelelo Jikelele zikarhulumente kubemi beli lizwe yaba billion 300 zeerandi, engqamana 200% ye-GDP. Ucukene entshonalanga komyalelo ka-1.2 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, kodwa ngokutsho data ongekho mthethweni kwi eMelika. A plus enkulu ukuba lizwe ezifike emva "Black ngoLwesine" - uyalahlwa epheleleyo uqoqosho imodeli ekrwada kunye nophuhliso asebenzayo phantse zonke iinxalenye imisebenzi kwisiza apho de ntlekele kwamanye amazwe.