Camus, "Outsider": isishwankathelo esifutshane. UAlbert Camus, "U-Outsider": Uhlalutyo

Ibali likaAlbert Camus "I-Stranger" - amanzi ahlambulukileyo yinto ekhoyo ehamba ngqo ngendlela ehamba ngayo kwinqanaba lefilosofi phakathi kwekhulu lemashumi mabini. Apha, njengamacwecwe ezantsi, zonke iimpawu ezahlukileyo ezikhoyo zezinto ezikhoyo zibonakalayo: okuyingqayizivele nokungabikho komntu wobomi ngaphandle kwenjongo yobomi nokufa.

Abacebisi nabahlobo

Iinkalo eziphambili ze-existingentialism zachongwa ngekhulu leshumi elinesi-18 ngumfilosofi waseDanish, uSierkegaard. Ukuphuhliswa kwesi sikhokelo sobufilosofi kwaqalisa iminyaka emininzi kamva, xa uluntu lwaluphantsi kweempembelelo zenkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Ewe ngokwenene: ngakwelinye icala - umnxeba, i-telegraph, iiplanethi ze-jet kunye ne-mini-bikini, kunye nakwezinye iimfazwe zehlabathi ezikhohlakeleyo, ulawulo oluxhasayo kunye nendoda kumntu-ingcuka.

Ukholo lwangaphandle lwalusekwe ngokuqwalasela ubukho phakathi kobukho, ukufunda ihlabathi langaphakathi kwimimandla emida, nokuba nangona kukho ukhetho, luhlala lubuxoki, kwaye ukukwazi ukuvavanya ngokwaneleyo izenzo zabo azikho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho ukwanela, akusayikho i-existentialism.

Iziseko zefilosofi ye-existentialism zabekwa nguJean-Paul Sartre kwimisebenzi yakhe ye-thirties yenkulungwane yeshumi elinamibini: "Ukucinga", "Umgca weengcamango zomzwelo" kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngokufanayo kunye noSartre, uAlbert Camus waba nefuthe elikhulu kwiingcamango zabafundi baseYurophu abafuna iimpendulo zinyani.

Injongo

Iincwadi zombhali zixelele ngemvelaphi yembono kunye nenkcazo yomxholo webali elizayo leCamus. "Umntu ongaphandle" wacatshulwa ngumlobi njengebali malunga nendoda engafuni ukuzithethelela, ngubani ongakhathaleli ukuba abanye abantu bacinga ntoni ngaye, kwaye akayi kubakhohlisa. Ngaphezu koko, yena, nokuba wafa, uyazi ukuba ulungile, kwaye uyaqonda ukuba oku akusiyo induduzo. Ukususela entwasahlobo ka-1937, umbhali ulungise le ngcamango iminyaka emithathu, isebenza, ibhala, ilawula. Ngowe-1942, incwadana kaCamus ethi "The Stranger" yapapashwa.

Isishwankathelo senxalenye yokuqala

Ummandla wase-Algeria waseFransi, ohlala kwiidolophu, isikhulu esincinci seMeursault, ufunda malunga nokufa kukaMama. Iminyaka embalwa edlulileyo wamthabatha kwindlu yokuhlala, kuba umvuzo awuzange umvumele ukuba agcine. UMerseau uya emngcwabeni.

Kwi-almshouse, uziphatha ngokucacileyo ngendodana eliliwayo: emva kokuthetha nomlawuli, uya kulala nebhokisini likamama, kodwa akafuni ukukhangela umzimba wakhe, uthetha ngezinto ezinqabileyo kunye nomlindi, usela ngokukhawuleza ikhofi, ukutshaya, ukulala, aze abone abahlobo bakhe Ukusuka kwi-almshouse, ecaca ngokucacileyo ukungabikho komsebenzi. Kanye nje ngokunganandaba umama uyaphinda abuyele kwisixeko.

Ulala ekhaya ixesha elide, aze aye elwandle ukuze ahlambe kwaye adibana naye owayengumlingani uMarie, onobubele kakhulu ekulahlekelweni kwakhe. Ngobusuku baba ngabathandi. Ngomso olandelayo, uMerso uhamba ngefestile, ecinga ngokucotha ngento yokuba ngesizathu esithile, akukho nto ishintshile ebomini bakhe.

Ngobusuku ngosuku olulandelayo, uMerco ubuya emsebenzini kwaye udibana nabamelwane: uSalamano omdala kunye nomgcini wevenkile uRaymond, owaziwa njengepimp. Inkosikazi yaseArabbi ka-Raymond, efuna ukumfundisa isifundo: kubuza uMerco ukuba ancede ebhala incwadi eya kummema kumhla ukuba ambethe apho. UMerco ubona ukuxabana kwabo, okumiselwa ngamapolisa, kwaye uyavuma ukuba lingqina ngoRaymond.

Iinjongo kunye nokungavumi

Umphathi osebenzayo unikeza uMerso ukunyuswa kunye nokudluliselwa eParis. UMerco akafuni: ubomi obu buya kutshintsha. Emva koko uMarie uyazibuza ngenjongo yakhe yokutshata naye, kodwa uMerco akanandaba.

NgeCawa, uMarie, uMerseau noRaymond baya elwandle ba tyelele uMasson, umhlobo kaRaymond. Kwimoto yebhasi, bayothuka yintlanganiso kunye namaArabhu, phakathi kwabo ngumzalwana ka-Raymond's mistress. Emva kwesidlo sakusasa kunye nokuhlamba ukuhamba, kwakhona ukuphawula ama-Arabs, abahlobo sele beqinisekile ukuba bahlaselwa. Kuqala ukulwa, apho uRaymond ahlaselwa khona, emva koko ama-Arabhu aphunyukileyo.

Emva kwexeshana, emva kokucubungula isilonda sikaRaymond, bonke abathathu baphinde baya elunxwemeni baze baphinde bakhubeke kumaArabhu afanayo. URaymond udlula umvukeli wakhe kuMerso, kodwa ukuxabana namaArabhu akuzange kusebenze. UMerso uhlala yedwa, otywala ngokutsha kunye notywala. Emva koko ebona iArabhu, uRaymond walimala, uyambulala.

Isishwankathelo senxalenye yesibini

U-Meursault wabanjwa waza wabizwa ukuphanda imibuzo. Ucinga ukuba ityala lakhe lilula, kodwa igqwetha kunye nomphenyi abavumelani. Iinjongo zezophulo-mthetho aziqondwa ngabani na, kwaye yena ngokwakhe udidekile kwinto eyenzekayo.

Uphando luhlala iinyanga ezilishumi elinanye. Ikhamera yaba ikhaya, ubomi bume. Ukuthanda kuya kugqitywa nakwiingcamango emva kokudibana noMarie. UMerso ulahleka, ukhumbula okudlulileyo. Kuza kuye ukuqonda ukuba nangenye imini yobomi kunokuzalisa iminyaka eyikhulu entolongweni, kukho ezininzi iinkumbulo. Kancinane, iqondo lexesha lilahlekile.

Isigwebo

Icala livalelwa yijaji. Abantu abaninzi kwindawo egumbini. UMerso akahlukanisi abantu. Ukunyanzelisa ukuba ayimfuneko. AmaNgqina aphengululwa ixesha elide, umfanekiso uphazamisekile. Umtshutshisi ubeka uMerso intliziyo engathandabuzekiyo: akayi kukhangela ingcwaba yomngcwabo wakhe, akazange afune ukumbona, loo mini akazange idlule, wadibana nomfazi, ungumhlobo kunye nomntu, kwaye abulali ngaphandle kwesizathu, akukho mvakalelo yabantu, okanye imigaqo yokuziphatha yommangalelwa . Umtshutshisi ufuna ukuhlawulwa. Ugqwetha lithetha okuchaseneyo: UMerso ungumgcini othembekileyo kunye nonyana onomzekelo owagcina unina, ngoxa wayenako, wabulawa ngempumputhe, kwaye isohlwayo esibi kakhulu kuye ukuguquka kunye nesazela.

Isigwebo, nangona kunjalo, sisigwebo sokufa. E gameni labantu bonke baseFransi, uMerso uya kukhishwa esidlangalaleni kwisikwere. Akayiqondi into engenakwenzeka yinto eyenzekayo, kodwa ethobekile. Ubomi abuyinto enhle ngokubambelela kuyo. Kwaye ukuba ufanele ufe, akukho nto umahluko. Ngaphambi kokubulawa, uMerso uxabana nombingeleli, kuba akafuni ukuchitha ixesha eliseleyo, uThixo uyazi. Ubomi obungunaphakade abuqondi, kwaye uMerco akakholelwa kuyo. Kodwa emngceleni wokufa, esele eziva uphefumlweni wobumnyama, ubona intlekele yakhe. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngokuvakalayo kuvula umphefumlo kwihlabathi. Ihlabathi alikhathalele ukukhathazeka. Kanye noMeursault ngokwakhe. Nguye lo mlingiswa uAlbert Camus owachaza: umntu ongaphandle. Ukungabonakali ubukho bakho kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zehlabathi. Bangaphandle kwamanye amazwe.

Uhlalutyo olufutshane

Ibali, elibhalwa nguAlbert Camus ("Uqhinga"), isizukulwana sabafundi esithintela ikusasa, sifunda ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye sicinga ukuba uMerco ungumdlali wakhe. Ubungqina bemihla yabalobi babenjalo: ukungabikho komntu, ukugatya ubuxoki kunye neenzuzo zabo.

Ibali likwahluke ngokucacileyo libe ngamacandelo amabini, adibana. Inxalenye yesibini isibuko esilungile seyokuqala. Ukubonakaliswa kwisibuko, njengoko uCamus wayefuna ukuba, - umntu ongaphandle. Indoda engenazo iingcambu. Indoda evela ngaphandle kwaye ayikho ndawo. Inyaniso yokuba ukubunjwa kunye nesakhelo kuyafana, kunye nomxholo omfutshane, uyayicacisa. I-Camus ("ulunge" - umsebenzi ophethe imbono, nangona kunjalo, unzulu kakhulu) wabhala indalo yakhe ngendlela eqondwa ngabantu abaninzi. Ukuphendula kwinto eyenzekayo kumntu oyintloko kukungabikho kokuphendula. Okokuthi, imbono yehlabathi yeqhawe likaCamus - ongaphandle, ukuhlaziywa kweziganeko kuyo akukho. Akazibandakanyeki ngokomoya kunoma yimuphi wabo, njengomfokazi.

Kwinqanaba leCamus, uhlalutyo lwe-"Stranger" lweetekisi luyakwenzeka kumanqanaba amabini e-semantic - ezentlalo kunye neemethysical. Iyokuqala ibonakalisa inyaniso kunye nokubonakala komntu kwabanye, kwaye okwesibini ukusuka kwinyani iphela kwaye ihamba isuka kwilizwe langaphakathi le-protagonist. Ngubani ongaphandle kwiCamus? Ukuthetha okufutshane ukuba uMerso uyakuthanda ukujonga phezulu esibhakabhakeni, sele esenza iqhawe elisondeleyo kumfundi, kungekhona ulwalamano. Ngoko, umbhali uyaqonda kwaye uyamthanda iqhawe lakhe.

Ulwimi lomlobi kunye nesitayela

Isitayela sombhali siqaqambile, nangona ukuba yonke ibhalo yembali yimbali ngesahlulo kunye neenkcazelo ezivela kumntu wokuqala kunye nexesha elidlulileyo, oko kukuthi, kulula kwaye kucace ngangokunokwenzeka. Kulo bali, umbhali ngokwakhe, u-Albert Camus, ungumntu ongaphandle kwizinga elifanayo njengeqhawe lakhe. I-Laconic, inceba. Ngokukodwa ekuhlaleni izenzo zeqhawe: ukusela ikofi, waya kwikhenema, yabulala indoda. Kodwa yiyiphi amandla kunye naluphi ubunzulu kulo lula! Kulula ukuchaza kuphela isishwankathelo. UCamus ungaphandle, mhlawumbi nantoni na, kodwa kungekhona kwincwadi.

Indlela ikhethiwe ngokuchanekileyo. Amaqhawe aphilileyo, njengokungathi sisetratweni. Kwaye umoya ogqithisileyo wokungabonakali, apho yonke into engekho yinto ephosakeleyo ngokoqobo: izenzo zamaqhawe, ihlabathi labo elingaphakathi. Ngaphandle kweengxoxo ze-jury: ingxabano ephezulu yesigwebo sokufa kukuba uMerso akazange akhale emngcwabeni - yinto enqabileyo.