Ukusebenza Mossbauer: isiphumo lokubhaqwa nokubaluleka kwayo

Iintetho nqaku malunga yintoni umphumo Mossbauer. Kwakhona ivezwe ingqiqo efana namanqanaba quantum lwamandla atom kwaye isiqalo atom, eqinileyo kunye quasiparticle nemibutho yabasebenzi kulo.

fun Mathematical

Isisombululo physics ezenzeka kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izazinzulu afuna ulwazi kakhulu kwiMathematika. ezifunyaniswe ezininzi lurhoxisiwe, ngoko ukuthetha, ngencam ebuhlanti: ekuqaleni zabalwa isondlo kwaye ngoko afumaneka practice.

Umzekelo, ubukho amaza omxhuzulane kwaxelwayo Einstein ngowe-1910, bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokomfuniselo kuphela ngo-2016. Ukudityaniswa iinkwenkwezi ezimbini neutron udale indawo iingcangcazela ukuba physics ezisentlabathini ukubanjwa ilungiswe ngokuvula era ngokwemilinganiso omxhuzulane zululwazi loluntu. Akukho lamandla wonder ekhankanywe apha: ezizezi kwizifundo ezifana ixabiso isiphumo Mossbauer. Kodwa oku ngaphandle kunokuba umthetho. Amaninzi, bempilo kunye experimenters anganyathela izithende zomnye, omnye isifundo sibangele ukuba kubekho imfuneko yokuba inkcazelo yayo zemathematika, kunye nesiphelo ezibi uba Kwingcingane, hayi izixhomekeki ezintsha kodwa ifunyenwe. ukusebenza Mössbauer wayengomnye iziganeko ezinjalo. Loo 'icala "ziyenzeka kwesizindlo kunye Max Planck ichazwe ekupheleni kuka-1900. Yathi ukuba kwihlabathi elektroni kunye nuclei atomic, zonke izixa kuphela ukuthatha amaxabiso ekhethekileyo, oko kukuthi quantized. Kwaye, ngokwembono yakhe, yaba liqhinga nje zezibalo, nto leyo yenza izibalo lula. De kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayekholelwa ukuba umyinge, okanye inxenye incinane kunokwenzeka, umzekelo, ukukhanya - kuphela indlela efanelekileyo yokuchaza, hayi bethwele ingqiqo bomzimba.

Ihlabathi quantum

Noko ke, abanye abaphengululi ezinomdla inkcazelo eyaneleyo oko kuyenzeka kwi isikali athom, ingqalelo isakhono sigqibo enjalo, wayithimba lula ukuba yonke into quantized. Electron emhlabeni ngumongo ibe kuphela omise ezithile eziba ngokwawo unokuba amanqanaba amandla athile kuphela. Itshiba i therebetween, nuclei ukwenza gamma. effect Mossbauer uthi ukuba isenzo kufuneka kuvelisa uhlobo lokubuya, kodwa oku akwenzeki. Ngokubanzi, zonke izixa achaza imo nanoworld zixhomekeke quantization - oko kukuthi ekhethekileyo. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba isantya ukuba lo macrocosm kubonakaliswa njengoko imveliso izinga yokunikana amasuntswana eziziziqalelo into bohluke kuzo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba, naye, kuba quantized. Ngoko ke ingxelo isayensi apho i maks iplanga yayifumana ifomula yakhe edumileyo equlethe ixabiso h, okanye mpembelelo incinane, wavula kwixesha elitsha. Eli xesha of physics quantum. Mossbauer ukusebenza, ukutolikwa, apho kamva enikwe kule meko, naba ngomnye milestones ezibalulekileyo inzululwazi zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Ukufunyanwa kwe isiphumo Mössbauer

Njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, izigqibo theoretical component baya isandla ngesandla kunye nokuhlola. Ezinye izigqibo ezisebenzayo akabanga kwizityalo eziqokelelweyo ngokoqobo "edolweni" kwaye ngemathiriyeli ezindala. Izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukubonisa kuphela ifomula, kodwa uyitywine iselwa, wayityatya ibhodi ukusebenza metal ndiyihlanganise ufakelo. Kakade ke, yintloko iilabhoratri lushwankathela kuphela iziphumo kwiiwadi zabo. Noko ke, experimenter nganye naye engineer, njengoko izixhobo zenzelwe iinjongo ezithile, yaye ngqo kwinkqubo yophando. I kwakungekho ngaphandle kunye nesiphumo Mossbauer. Isivula akuyi kwenzeka ukuba zobugqirha lukhuni Rudolf Mossbauer ukuba awuyitshintshanga le ndlela yokulinganisa unit okupholisa, endaweni kokushushubezwa, njengoko uyalelwe ngumphathi lezifundo.

okuqinileyo

Ithiyori, apho siza kukuxelela abafundi kweli candelo, kubonakala ngokucacileyo xa efika kuqala. Noko ke, njengoko waziwa kakuhle, kulula ukuba kusoloko uyazifezekisa imigudu engakholelekiyo. Kwaye ke ngoku bayakwazi ukuxelela ngamazwi alula yintoni umphumo Mossbauer for Dummies ngokoqobo, wake wasebenza kwelebhu yonke.

Phantsi eqinileyo wayede into ukwimeko crystalline. Eziba athom kulo mzekelo zenza efestileni engqongqo ngamaxesha athile, ngoxa electron e shiyana kuthwa. Kakade ke, ziikristale zesinyithi kuyilwa ezithile kakhulu bond sisinyithi apho akhona ngumongo ukuba ahlukane electron ngokubanzi. Ilifu electron ubomi ngumthetho yayo ezimeleyo, banganyamekeli yokuziphatha yikristale ngekroba. Le ziikristale leyo kunika iibhondi zemveli ngakumbi ionic kwaye covalent, electron ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye nuclei 'zabo ". Kodwa kukho ke bakhululekile ukuhamba phakathi iindawo ezikufuphi Kunokuhlala gesi okanye engamanzi.

iipropati iseti Solid kuphela imichiza leyo kuzo, kodwa ke wolingano welungiselelo-athom xa kuthelekiswa namanye. Kumzekelo ezaziwa isakhiwo carbon ivelisa grafayithi ethambileyo, kwaye enye - loo nto inzima yendalo - diamond. Ngoko ke yintoni uhlobo lonxibelelwano, kunye wolingano weyunithi yeseli kuthetha lukhulu nomzimba eqine. Iimpawu eqinileyo kwaye ukubhengezwa yintoni na isiphumo Mossbauer. isimo sawo sichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: zonke atom ngendlela eziqinileyo enxulumene.

quasiparticles ezidityanelweyo

Ngoku cinga elikhulu ngokwaneleyo efestileni-ntathu. Kuba imodeli ityuwa ifanelekileyo: Na kunye Cl ibekwe eziphezulu ityhubhu, omnye emva komnye. Ukuba ngandlel 'ithile ubambe atom enye ndaxhwitha ukuba ndimaphule kwindawo ukusoloko balance, ngenxa uxhulumaniso ngokwaneleyo engqongqo, emva kokuba wasidiliza atom ezikufuphi. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi indawo undoqo uye ubuncinane nayiphi impembelelo ebalulekileyo abamelwane yomyalelo wesithathu. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba i "ukumbamba" isodiyam, okwalandela banduluka elingummelwane athom chlorine, athom sodium ilandelayo enye inwebu ekupheleni chlorine. Ifuthe oku kungenzeka ukuba yandiswa kuwo onke amacala. Oku kudla wathi abamelwane perturbation yesine-nomyalelo okungenamsebenzi. Noko ke, asingabo zero.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ngandlel 'ndinkqonkqoza "crystal eyomeleleyo (umz, ukuba ndimthumele kuye laser okanye electron umqadi), ngembonakalo yikristale Ilibele uya" Amaza ". intshukumo nemibutho efana xa atom ezininzi ezingabamelwane yikristale kwangaxeshanye uyele uzive, umz, phezulu okanye ezantsi, ebizwa phonons. Ifumaneka ukuchaza ukuba yintoni umphumo Mossbauer for Dummies, asiyi kungena iinkcukacha, andixelele ukuba phonons kwafunyaniswa ukuba ziziphathe amasuntswana esiphansi. Ngokomzekelo, amandla wabo quantized, bakuzuze kwamaza isantya kwaye bayakwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye. Ngoko ke, lo phonons zibizwa ngokuba quasiparticles ehlangeneyo. Inani labo kunye nomgangatho umzimba okuqinileyo unikwa isakhiwo apho kwenzeka. Bala kungaba, esazi ubukhulu, wolingano kunye neentlobo-athom zeyunithi cell. Kwisehlo, umzekelo./usr/local/bin/htmerge kwakhona kuchaphazela ubude kunye nohlobo ndisezintanjeni phakathi ion kwi yikristale ngekroba.

theory band

Ekubeni okuqinileyo lushwankathela zonke elektroni yawo, kunye orbitals (kwaye ngoko ke amandla zabo) kufuneka nazo ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba electron ningabaleli udidi ezibizwa fermions. Fermi, Dirac kunye uPauli kunye wafumanisa ukuba imeko inokuba kule nkqubo, onjalo yamasuntswana kuphela. Xa sibuyela kumzekelo iityuwa, crystal nganye, nto leyo thina ulifefe isuphu okanye inyama, eliquka isixa elingu-sodium kunye chloride ion. Yaye ngamnye kubo inani elifanayo elektroni, leyo phendula kwi emzileni ezifanayo. Yenzeka njani le nto? A okuqinileyo iphuma imeko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-eneji electron nganye nojikeleza ngumongo, ezahlukeneyo kancinane kuyo nayiphi na enye electron amandla besive komzila elinye kwelinye atom. Ngoko ke wafumana: kwi yikristale ikhona amanqanaba amandla kakhulu kakhulu eziya kwahluka enye kwenye encinane ngokwaneleyo ukwenza indawo zixinaniswe. Le perturbations leyo baqalise phonons ezincinane kuba omnye atom zibe engenamandla kakhulu. Yonke into ebalulekileyo isindululo esihlangeneyo iyonke. Ngoko ke, amandla ngokucothayo, njengoko kunjalo 'itshatyalaliswa "kummandla kwamandla. Ngokusekelwe kulo kwaye nesiphumo Mossbauer.

isikali magnetic

Ukuhanjiswa amasuntswana ebizwayo sikhatshwa esigangeni electromagnetic. Le nyaniso ubeka, umzekelo, umbuzo wokuba kutheni omnye umhlaba kunye neesathelayithi ilifa kubo, ngoxa abanye - hayi. amaza zingahlulwa ngokwala ngokweendidi ngokwendlela rhoqo kwaye ngenxa yoko amandla. Ezi mpawu zimbini oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye ixhomekeka ombala. Yintoni na isiphumo Mossbauer nga nje kuphela, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni umfundi uyayiqonda apho isikali magnetic ise radiation gamma. Ngoko ke, vula up esemoyeni scale. Kuthiwa anciphise ombala wabo - Imilinganiselo yonke. Noko ke, amandla radiation esinjalo lincinane kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba babhalise. frequency kancinci ephakamileyo radiation terahertz. Noko ke, oko kukuthi, kwaye amaza erediyo kuvandlakanywa iimeko ezithile kunene: inhibition of elektroni kwi mhlaba otsalayo Iingoma flexural of Iipholima, ukuhamba excitons kwi okuqinileyo. inxenye kakhulu ecacileyo elandelayo spectrum magnetic - i-infrared. It sithumele ieneji ngohlobo ubushushu. energy esiphakame bokukhanya. Inxalenye malumga ukuba Iliso lomntu akubonayo lincinane kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa lonke isikali.

ukukhanya elibomvu unawo amandla iphantsi emsi nemfusa - enyangweni. Kule meko, kwakusazeka kephofu: amanzi abandayo ngakumbi iboniswe ngemisonto, ogama amandla ingaphezulu ngaphezu koko bombala obomvu. Emva ukuba inxalenye yelanga koluhlu magnetic sele a rhoqo sezingeni eliphezulu ukungena ibe eqinileyo. Nangona abantu, njengezinye izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu, ningaqiqi ukukhanya yelanga, ukubaluleka kwayo ekusebenzeni eyiyo eziphilayo zebhayoloji yeyabahlali. Lo mthombo uphambili zokufunda yelanga ilanga. amandla Higher kwaye ukukwazi ukungena izinto ezininzi X-ray. Umthombo radiation onjalo deceleration of elektroni emasimini kagesi. Electron ingaba zombini abotshelelweyo, ngamanye eyakho athom kunye simahla. Ezi zixhobo zonyango ezi zixhobo electron simahla. Ekugqibeleni, enzima kunye kakhulu elifutshane igagasi radiation gamma.

-X-reyi kwaye gamma

ukusebenza Mossbauer kunye nesicelo yayo physics kanye zobunjineli kufuneka ukwahlula phakathi gamma ne-X-reyi. Kwinqanaba lwamandla yaye, ngokunjalo, ngamaza ukuba kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu ukudibana. Oko kukuthi, kukho gamma ze-X-reyi kunye ngamaza picometres-5. iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngamalungiselelo abo. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, i X-radiation kwenzeka xa deceleration of electron. Ngaphezu koko, kwezinye iinkqubo (kubandakanywa inyukliya) uyanyamalala electron evela iqokobhe elingaphakathi atom ngokwaneleyo enzima, efana uranium. Noko ke, ezinye electron badla kuthabatha indawo yakhe. zinakho ezinjalo, aze abe ngumthombo we-X-reyi. Gamma ray ngesiphumo ngumongo yokutshintsha ukusuka kwimo ephezulu yimincili. Le radiation unendlela phezulu ezendeleyo, ionizes athom kuyo esinxibelelana. Enanikade xa ray wesigrike engozini layila i-atom, kufuneka kubekho ebizwa ngokuba yi-yesenzo. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa kulwenze ukuba impefumlelwano gamma kunye ngumongo i-atom besive umzimba engqongqo, ifuthe engekhoyo. Oku wachaza into yokuba amandla ezongezelelweyo, njengoko baye "waluqaba" ngamaqela ngekhompyutha yikristale, ukudala ngapha kwee window.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

ukusebenza Mossbauer kunye nesicelo walo ngokusondeleyo kukuba omnye Akumangalisi: isenzeko akenzi kuzo zonke iinkalo eekhemikhali lwezakhi. Ngaphezu koko, kuyabonakala kuphela kwezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Ukuba umfundi nganto ngequbuliso yintoni izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo recall. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba naziphi atom onikiweyo kagesi cala. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwinucleus protons ezintle kangangoko kwi iqokobhe electron. Noko ke, umongo ikwaqulathe neutron, isuntswana ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Ukuba uguqula inani kwi nucleus, cala ombane umthetho, kodwa iimpawu atom yaguquka kancinci. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba Isotope onzima na radioactive yaye agule ukubola, lo gama into eziqhelekileyo kakhulu izinzile. Lidla uluhlu lweziqalelo eziphathekayo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zabo, nto leyo luphawulwa isiphumo Mossbauer. Efumanise ⁵⁷ Fe, umzekelo, jikelele ukholose yile meko.

Ukusebenzisa iziphumo quantum

amava imveliso, nto ingqinwa enye okanye ezinye hypothesis enxulumene ihlabathi kakhulu, ntonje lula. Ukongeza, akucacanga ukuba yintoni iingenelo wazise isiphumo esifanayo Mossbauer? Ukusetyenziswa kwalo, Noko ke, ubanzi ngokwaneleyo. Ukuphandwa iimpawu crystalline izinto, amorphous eziqinileyo kunye nemigubo luyacolwa comminuted kwenzeka, kuquka ngale meko umyinge. data enjalo kufuneka ezikude ngokufanelekileyo evela kumacandelo practice (physics theoretical component), kwaye usondela kakhulu elaya - ezifana amayeza. Ngoko ke, lo isiphumo Mossbauer nokusetyenziswa kwayo kufuneka kucingwe njengomzekelo ukufunyanwa yeengcingane, nto leyo kuzisa ezininzi iingenelo, kubomi bemihla ngemihla njengoko.