CHP: ukuchonga. Izityalo zeCOGeneration (CHP)

Ukubonelela abantu ngokushisa nombane ngowomnye wemisebenzi esemqoka karhulumente. Ukongezelela, ngaphandle kokuvelisa umbane, akunakwenzeka ukucinga umveliso ophuhliswayo wokuvelisa kunye nokucubungula, ngaphandle kobuphi uqoqosho lwelizwe alukwazi ukukhokelela ngokusemthethweni.

Enye yeendlela zokusombulula ukusilela kwamandla kukukwakha isityalo se-CHP. Ukutyhilwa kweli gama kunzima: yinto ebizwa ngokuba yinyani yamandla eshushu, enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zityalo zamandla. Elizweni lethu, ziqheleke kakhulu, kuba zisebenza kwiibhola zezinto eziphilayo (amalahle), kwiimpawu zabo ezenza iimfuno ezithobekileyo.

Izixhobo

Yiloo nto isityalo se-CHP. Ukucacisa umgaqo owaziyo. Kodwa ziziphi iimpawu ezithile zolu hlobo lwesityalo? Emva koko, akukho nje into engafanelekanga ukuba zikhethwe kwiqela elithile!

Inyaniso kukuba abavelisi umbane kuphela, kodwa kunye nokushisa, okubonelelwa kubathengi ngendlela yamanzi ashushu kunye ne-steam. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umbane ngumveliso, ekubeni umbane, owanikezelwa ukufudumeza iinkqubo, uqala ukujikeleza iitribini zezivelisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamashishini amabini (iibhoyili kunye nezityalo zamandla) kuhle kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuncitshiswe kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi.

Nangona kunjalo, oku kukhokelela ekubeni "indawo yokuhanjiswa" engabalulekanga yesikhululo samandla ashushu. Ukumemezela okulula kuyinto elula: kuba kungekhona kuphela umbane owanikezelwa kwisikhululo, onokuthunyelwa kumawaka eekhilomitha kunye nelahleko ezincinci, kodwa kunye nokuphefumula okuvuthayo, abakwazi ukufumaneka kumgama obalulekileyo ukusuka ekuhlaleni. Akumangalisi ukuba phantse zonke izityalo ze-CHP zakhiwe ngokusondeleyo kwiidolophu apho zishushu kwaye zikhanyise abemi.

Kubaluleka kwendalo

Siyabulela ukuba ekwakhiweni kwesityalo esinjalo kunokwenzeka ukulahla izindlu ezindala zamabhoyili ezindala ezidlala indima engalunganga kwisimo semvelo yesithili (isixa esikhulu sothutho), ukuhlanjululwa komoya ngezinye izihlandlo kungakhuliswa ngumyalelo wobukhulu. Ukongezelela, izityalo ezintsha ze-CHP zivumela ukucinywa kwemfucuza yemfucuza kwiindawo zokuhlawula iidolophu.

Isixhobo esitsha sokucoca senza ukuba sikwazi ukucoca ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa, kwaye ukusebenza ngamandla kweso sombululo kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, ukukhululwa kwamandla ekutshiseni ithoni yeoli kuyalingana nomthamo okhutshwayo xa uphinde uphinde usebenzise iitoni ezimbini zeplastiki. Kwaye oku "kulungile" kuya kuhlala iminyaka emashumi ezayo!

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwakhiwa kobushushu obudibeneyo kunye nesitshixo samandla kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha asefosil, njengoko sichazwe ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kucetywayo ukudala izityalo zamandla enyukliya, eziza kufakwa kwiindawo ezinzima ukufikelela kwi-Far North. Ekubeni ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunzima kakhulu, amandla enyukliya nguye kuphela onokuthenjwa kunye namandla onke.

Ba bathanda ntoni?

Kukho i-CHP (umfanekiso okhoyo kwinqaku) nakwi-"house", ukufudumeza. Njengoko kulula ukuqagela egameni, izityalo zamandla zoshishino zibonelela ngombane kunye nokushisa kumashishini amakhulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, zakhiwa kwisigaba sokumisela isityalo, sakha kunye nesibonelelo esisodwa. Ngako oko, iintlobo "zendlu" zakhiwe kufuphi neendawo zokulala ezincinci zedolophu. Kwi-CHP yezoshishino, ubushushu buhanjiswe ngesimo samanzi ashushu (akukho ngaphaya kwama-4-5 km), xa kushushu - kusetyenziswa amanzi ashushu (20-30 km).

Ulwazi malunga nezixhobo zesitishi

Izixhobo eziphambili zala ma shishini ngamagatya e-turbine ahambisa amandla oomatshini kumbane, kunye neebilisi ezijongene nokuvelisa umqhubi ojikelezayo iindiza ze-generator. Icandelo le-turbine libandakanya zombini i-turbine kunye ne- generator esebenzayo. Iibhubhe ezinexinzelelo zangasemva ze-0.7-1.5 MN / m2 zifakwe kwii-CHPP ezibonelela ubushushu kunye namandla kumashishini. Iimodeli ezineengcinezelo ze-0.05-0.25 I-MN / m2 zibonelela ukubonelela abathengi basekhaya.

Imiba esebenzayo

Ngokomgaqo, lonke ubushushu obuvelisiweyo lunokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Yiyo kuphela umbane owenziwe kwi-CHP (ukulungiswa kweli gama sele uyayazi), ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kumthwalo weshushu. Ukubeka nje, kwixesha lehlobo lasehlotyeni, isiphumo salo sancitshitshitshwantshitshitshitshqhqlclclclclclclcc Ngaloo ndlela, ukufakelwa koxinzelelo lwe-back usetyenziswe kuphela ukubonelela amandla oshishino, apho ixabiso lokusebenzisa lilinganayo okanye lingaphantsi kwinqanaba kulo lonke ixesha.

Uhlobo lweentlobo zokunyusa

Kule meko kuphela okuthiwa "umqhubi wokukhetha" isetyenziselwa ukubonelela abathengi ngokufudumala, kwaye zonke ezinye izifudumeko zihlala zilahleka, zidibanisa kwimeko. Ukunciphisa ilahleko zamandla, i-CHP enjalo kufuneka isebenze ngokuvelisa ukushisa okufutshane kwiyunithi yokukhupha.

Nangona kunjalo, kuba amaxesha e-USSR anjalo awakhiwe apho urhulumente we-hybride unikezwa ngokufanelekileyo: zinokusebenza njengezityalo eziqhelekileyo zokucima amandla omshushu, kodwa i-generator yabo yombutho inamandla kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwimoya yokuxinzelela.

Iintlobo zendalo

Akumangalisi kukuba, yinto izityalo zokunciphisa izityalo eziye zaphakanyiswa ngenxa yokungqinelana kwazo. Ngoko ke, kuphela kuphela abakwenzayo ngokuzimeleyo ukulawula umbane kunye nomnxeba. Nangona umthwalo wokushisa awulindeleke kuwo onke (kwimeko yehlobo elishisa kakhulu), abantu baya kunikwa umbane ngokwexesha elidlulileyo (iNtshona CHP eSt. Petersburg).

Iindidi ze-CHPP

Njengoko usenokuba uqondayo, isizukulwana sobushushu kwizitishi ezinjalo zibonakaliswa ngokungalingani ngokugqithiseleyo kunyaka. Ngokufanelekileyo, malunga ne-50% yamanzi ashushu okanye i-steam isetyenziselwa ukutshisa abathengi, kwaye yonke indawo yokudlulisa ukushisa isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Nantsi indlela iNtshona-Koloni yeNtshona Koloni isebenza ngayo kwiNtloko-mali.

Ukukhululwa kwamanzi kwiimeko ezininzi kuqhutywa ngamacandelo amabini. Ukuba kukho inguqu evulekileyo, ukufudumala kwe-steam ephuma kuma-turbine kuya ngqo kubathengi. Kwimeko apho i-circuit evelelwe ikhethiweyo, isistim sokudlulisa ukushisa sinikezelwa emva kokudlula ukutshintshisa ukushisa. Ukukhethwa kwesikimu kuqinisekiswe ngokwezinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, umgama ukusuka kwinto enikezelwa ngushisa nombane, inani labemi kunye nexesha lithathwa ingqalelo. Ngoko, iSouth-Western TPP eSt. Petersburg isebenza kwinkqubo evaliweyo, njengoko ibonelela ngempumelelo.

Iimpawu zamatye asetyenziswayo

Inokusetyenziswa, i-liquid, i-liquid and gaseous fuel. Ekubeni i-CHP izityalo zihlala zakhiwa ngokusondeleyo kwiindawo ezinokuhlala kunye nezixeko, kubalulekile ukuba kusetyenziswe iindidi ezixabisekileyo, i-gesi kunye neoli yeoli. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kunye nomdaka njengaloo ndlela kwilizwe lethu kunokuba kunqunyelwe, kuba kungekhona zonke izikhululo ezinezixhobo zokusebenza zokucoca ngomoya zanamhlanje.

Ukucoca ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo, ukusetyenziswa kweetekisi ezikhethekileyo. Ukuze kudibaniswe iinqununu ezinzulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo eziphezulu, iipayipi zakhiwa kwindawo ephakamileyo yee-200-250 zamitha. Njengomthetho, zonke izityalo zenkqubela (CHP) zimi kwindawo efanelekileyo ngokubanzi kwimithombo yamanzi (imilambo kunye namanzi). Ngenxa yoko, iisetyenzisi zokusetyenziswa, ezibandakanya iindonga zokupholisa. Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza kunqabile kakhulu, kwiimeko ezithile.

Iimpawu zeziteshini zegesi

Izitshalo zokufudumala kwegesi zimi kude. Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kwabathengi akubonakali nje ngenxa yamandla aveliswayo xa kushisa igesi ephosiweyo, kodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kobushushu beegesi, ezakhiweyo. Ukusebenza kwezi zityalo ziphezulu kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, izityalo zamandla enyukliya nazo zingasetyenziswa njengezityalo zomoya. Oku kuqheleke kakhulu kumazwe aseArabhu.

Kukho, ezi zikhululo zidlala iindima ezimbini ngexesha elilodwa: zibonelela ngombane ngombane kunye nakwiimveliso zamanzi, njengokuba zisebenza njengamanzi olwandle ngexesha elifanayo . Kwaye ngoku siza kuqwalasela izikhululo zamandla ezitshixo zelizwe lethu kwaye siseduze nakwamanye amazwe.

South-West, eSt. Petersburg

Elizweni lethu, uMbane weWestern Power Plant, ohlala eSt. Petersburg, udume. Ibhaliswe njenge-OJSC "Yugo-Zapadnaya CHPP". Ukwakhiwa kwesi sikhungo samanje senza imisebenzi emininzi ngokukhawuleza:

• Ukuhlawulelwa kobutyebi obunamandla obuthakathaka obunamandla, obunokuphazamisa ukwandiswa kwenkqubo yokwakha izindlu.
• Ukwandisa ukunyaniseka nokusebenza kwamandla kwenkqubo yedolophu ngokubanzi, kuba iSt. Petersburg yinkxalabo kule nkalo. I-CHP yasivumela ukuba sisombulula ngokukhawuleza le ngxaki.

Kodwa esi sikhululo saziwa ngokuba ngowokuqala eRashiya ukuthobela iimfuno ezingqongqo zendalo. Kulo shishini elitsha, urhulumente wesixeko wabelwe indawo engama-hekta angama-20. Inyaniso kukuba indawo yokugcina indawo yayigcinelwe ukwakhiwa, isele kwisithili saseKrov. Kwizo ndawo kwakukho iqoqo elidala lomlotha ovela kwi-CHPP-14, ngoko ke isithili asifanelekanga ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, kodwa sikhona kakhulu.

Ukuqaliswa kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-2010, kwaye phantse bonke ubunkokheli be sixeko beza kulo mbhiyozo. Izityalo ezimbini zokubilisa ezihamba ngokuzenzekelayo zithunywe .

I-Murmansk

Isixeko saseMurmansk saziwa njengesiseko seenqwelo zethu kwiLwandle lwaseBaltic. Kodwa ikwabonakaliswa ngokugqithisa okukhulu kweemeko zemozulu, ezibeka iimfuno ezithile kwi-system energy. Akumangalisi kukuba, i-Murmansk CHP ininzi kwiziko lobugcisa obukhethekileyo, nakwilizwe lonke.

Yaqalisa ukusebenza ngowe-1934, kwaye ukususela ngaloo ndlela iyaqhubeka ihambisa ubushushu kunye nombane kubemi be sixeko. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala i-Murmansk CHP yayisisityalo esinoqhelekileyo. Iimitha ezili-1150 zokuqala zokufudumala zafakwa kuphela ngo-1939. Icala kwi-Nizhne-Tulomskaya HPP, elaliphantse ukuvalela izidingo zombane, kwaye ngoko ke yenzeke ukukhulula inxalenye yokushisa ukutshisa izindlu zedolophu.

Isikhululo sichazwe yinto yokuba unyaka wonke isebenza kwimodi elungeleleneyo, ekubeni i-thermal and output output isingana nelinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko zobusuku be-polar, isityalo se-CHP, ngexesha elithile lexesha eliphakamileyo, liqala ukusebenzisa ininzi yombane nje ngokuveliswa kombane.

Isikhululo saseNovololotsk, iBelarus

Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwesi siko kwaqala ngo-Agasti 1957. I-Novopolotsk CHPP entsha kwakufuneka ixazulule ingxaki yokungabonakali nje kokushisa kwesi sixeko, kodwa kwanokubonelelwa kombane kwindawo yokucoca ioli eyayakhiwa kwindawo efanayo. Ngo-Matshi 1958 le projekthi yagqitywa, yavunywa kwaye yavunyiwe.

Isigaba sokuqala saqala ukusebenza ngo-1966. Iyesibini yaqaliswa ngowe-1977. Ngexesha elifanayo i-Novopolotskaya CHPP yahlaziywa kwangoko, ubukhulu bayo bunyuselwa kwi-505 MW, kwaye emva koko kwabeka isigaba sesithathu sokwakhiwa, ngo-1982. Ngo-1994 isitishi sathunyelwa kwigesi yendalo.

Kuze kube namhlanje, malunga neerandi ezingama-50 zeedola zase-US sele zityalomali kwi-modern-day ye-ishishini. Ngombulelo kwiimali zangenayo ezinomtsalane, inkampani yayingagqithiselwa ngokupheleleyo kwigesi, kodwa ibuye ifumane isixa esikhulu sezinto ezintsha, eziya kwenza ukuba isitishi sikhonze amashumi eminyaka.

Izigqibo

Ngokugqithisileyo, ukuza kube yimhla, i-CHP ezingasetyenziswayo ezizikhululo zendalo kunye nezithembisayo. Ukusebenzisa i-neutralizers yanamhlanje kunye nezihlunu, kunokwenzeka ukutshisa amanzi ngokutshisa yonke imfucuza eyenza ukuhlaliswa. Kule meko, inzuzo yesithathu iyafezwa:

• I-Landfill ikhululiwe kwaye icocwe.
• Isixeko sifumana umbane ongezantsi.
• Ingxaki yokufudumala isisombululo.

Ukongezelela, kwimimandla yonxweme kunokwenzeka ukwakhiwa kwesityalo se-CHP, esiya kuthi sibe ngumhlaba wokuhlaselwa kwamanzi olwandle. Olu hlobo lwamanzi lufanelekileyo ngokunkcenkceshela, kwimfuyo yenkampani kunye nezoshishino. Ngelizwi, ubugcisa bokwenene bekamva!