Dear Nkosi, - unyango esesikweni nentlonelo endodeni. yokuziphatha intetho

Speech etiquette kukuthintela indlela ibinzana nantlonelo ukuya kwelinye iqela, nokuba ukugxininisa iqondo ngokubaluleka nxaxheba ngamnye kuluntu ngokubanzi kwaye kwincoko ethile ethile. Ngoko ke, mihla iimfuno engqongqo kule ndawo zithiwe thaca kuphela ngexesha incoko ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni - Iintlanganiso zokubonisana okanye ishishini. Yintoni enokuthethwa amaxesha ubudala.

Ngaphambi yokulingana baseRashiya kwinqanaba yowiso-mthetho, oko akuzange - de revolution ka-1917, ukuhlonipheka eli lizwe kunye nabefundisi baba amalungelo. Ngoko ke, indlela yonyango okanye amalungelo amagama kwakuthetha ngakumbi - ngoko nangoko wabonisa ungubani na, yaye yintoni na iimfuno inokuwisa phezu kwabanye.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango baziwa? Yintoni ngazo ukubalisa ibali? Nangona izihloko yefomu kudala waphila lulutho kwabo, kusekho ezinye ntlokoma baloo maxesha kusengenziwa weva, andinako nokuba ndithi ngakumbi - ukuba kusekho, silungiswe kuphela. Makhe sixubushe lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

On phezulu

Forms yobuntu elungelelaniswe becala izihloko, ebonisa iqondo ukubaluleka yezikhulu ebusweni weqela legunya. Kucacile ukuba isimo sengqondo kakhulu olunzima yaba ukuya titulovannosti kumkani. Ngokuba ukusetyenziswa kwesihloko sasebukhosini, kwakunye amagama afana "ngukumkani", "uMlawuli" off-ileyibheli ezisengozini isohlwayo engqongqo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwakukho iifom eziqwini yoBukhosi baseRashiya abangalinganiyo izidanga lokuba sesikweni. Uninzi isibizo asetyenziswe yesininzi: Your Imperial mhlekazi (Yibone lwangoku, inkosikazi yakhe, okanye uKumkanikazi Dowager), soBekekileyo wakho Imperial (imiphefumlo iindwalutho ezukileyo, duchesses namakhosazana). Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba izicelo ezinjalo musa umahluko phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi, ebiza yonke neuter.

Kuyinto nokumkani ngokwakhe wasiwa ukuba iphathwa njenge "Inene, iNkosi Sobubele," nabathetheli enkulu ngokuthi "nkosi yam ethandekayo" (ewe, ngonobumba omkhulu!). Ngisho nezihlobo nangayiphi na indlela esesikweni kwakuza kufuneka ziwulandele ngqo lo mgaqo.

iklasi yokuqala

ERashiya, akubanga division iklasi yoyilo onjalo ecacileyo, njengoko, nithi, eFransi, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba akazange ayisekho. Kunye nabameli eCawa ukufunda phezulu igosa ngaphezu amagosa yehlabathi. Oku kungqinwa into yokuba xa umnumzana usesikhundleni libandla, ibandla lokuqala sifanele ukukhankanya kwisihloko zakhe, andule ke izikhulu yehlabathi.

Apha, nathi, siya wasebenzisa ifomu isininzi - 'Wakho' kwaye ngoko ke isihloko neuter kungekudala, nangona kwabasetyhini iinkokheli zebandla ayivumelekanga. Mu kuya kwa nshita yasebukhosini okanye amanene, amagosa ibandla esetyenziswa nangoku ngokusemthethweni xa eqamba inkokheli ibandla, kwakunye neenkonzo kunye nemisebenzi ibandla. Kufuneka basebenzise la magama alandelayo: "Ubungcwele" (ngokuphathelele kulo solusapho), "kakkhulu" (uBhishophu okanye Metropolitan), "Grace" (ubhishophu), "Ukuhlonipha (umphathi, Archpriest, Archimandrite)," Ukuhlonipha "(ieromonahi uMbingeleli).

Ngokuba ababingeleli abakhulu zodidi oluphezulu kakhulu ukufumana namarhamente encinane okanye umfowunelwa. Kwinqanaba indlu, njengokuba reference Ndinembeko lady ngokomoya ingqalelo ngentlonelo lifana "Bawo", "Bawo oyiNgcwele."

Abathetheli kunye namacala

Le nxalenye yokuziphatha unyango kweli xesha lethu iyafuneka kuphela nokuqonda intsingiselo amaxwebhu embali ezibhaliweyo iincwadi zakudala, kwakunye inxaxheba kumabala emidlalo "iintlanganiso amanene." Kodwa kuluntu apho izidwangube baba "yaba engundoqo karhulumente" (oku kuthiwa yi Cardinal Richelieu, kodwa kuBukhosi Russian, umbuzo watolika ngendlela efanayo), gentility kunye nokubaluleka amanene ayikwazanga bathule.

Naliphi na igosa eRussia "Mhlekazi." Ukuze sikuncede ngumphambukeli imbonakalo apho kucacile ukuba he is nene, kodwa inqanaba ungunyana wabanumzana boni. Wayenelungelo lokuba ukulungisa interlocutor kunye nesihloko esichanekileyo kwaye umthombo kwafuneka ukuba uxolo kwaye sobumbano.

Njengoko isihloko wabanumzana (Zizi, iindwalutho, zizigwili) babizwa "ngoBekekileyo Yakho". Nje "nesikhulu" kufuneka ngokuba abasemzini zobunene (ubukhulu becala abasuka Muslim). "Ubukhosi bakho" ngowenyama esikude lendlu zabalawuli. Ilungelo lokuba osihloko sithi "Obalaseleyo Yakho" okanye "ebukhosini bakho" zingafumaneka njengomvuzo. "SoBekekileyo Yakho" kwakufuneka ukubiza ngakumbi inzala umlawuli kumgca othe ngqo.

Akwa ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente

Kodwa elithi "bakhululeke" jikelele alubonwanga ebonisa kumkani, yasetyenziselwa ngaphandle nezikhulu eRashiya. Bathi nje elijongene umntu imvelaphi "ihloniphekile" yaye isetyenziswe njengonyango Zithobe emoyeni sesikweni kunye nezo esesikweni. Ngokusesikweni, uhlobo mpatho sisandi samanzi "Nkosi", kodwa kungekudala kwabakho uhlobo lula "mhlekazi." Indawo eninzi leenketho, "inkosi", "inkosi", 'nengqondo kunye nomntu wanobungangamsha. "

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ahambela enjalo into engaqhelekanga abameli kuphela iiklasi atyebileyo, yaye kuphela ngokunxulumene ngohlobo lwazo. Akukho mntu wafuna ngembeko enkulu xa usebenza ukusebenza nabantu kunye nabalimi. Oku akuthethi ukuba basoloko uluhlaza - iiklasi ephezulu eRashiya babefunde kakhulu ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa akukho njengento ekhubekisayo ebizwa ngokuba "umlimi" nabalimi wasemzini (kubandakanywa umfama ngokwakhe). Kumqhubi, isicaka okanye commoner ayaziwa (ngokucacileyo) umFilisti wathetha 'dear "okanye" abathandekayo. " Kwakunzima ifomu ngentlonelo.

Bhala patronymic. Apho leli siko?

Ngu isithethe ophucukileyo bume ezixhalabisayo kunye ukubiza umntu ngegama. Kumaxesha pre-Petrine ngoko kwenziwa kuphela ngokunxulumene izinduna, izidwangube wamthiya igama elipheleleyo nefani (ukusuka A. Tolstoy ngo "Peter I» - Michael Tyrtov) kunye nedvoryan - bhu (ibid - Ivashka Brovkin). Ke kaloku uPetros ubunzima indlela enjalo kuzo zonke iimeko kokudluliselwa simhloniphe zabantu.

Kuba abantu ngegama liye wafikelela rhoqo ngaphezu besini efanelekileyo - badla ngokuba njalo-ootata kunye nabantwana, amadoda kunye nabafazi (imizekelo emininzi inokufumaneka yoncwadi lwamandulo). Kwakukho iimeko rhoqo kunye izibheno kunye namagama amagama ngendlela elula - oko kwakhona inokubonwa imifuziselo classical zoncwadi (njengoko ngokuba Raskolnikov kunye Pechorin?). Ukusingatha umntu ohloniphekileyo ogama efanelekileyo kuphela ngaphakathi intsapho okanye abahlobo abasenyongweni omthembileyo.

Isebenzisa igama patronymic - enye izithethe embalwa ezisagcinwe yokuziphatha kwemini. AmaRashiya ehloniphekileyo Ningabizi igama eliphakathi kuphela kwiintlanganiso ngamazwe, ngenxa yokuhlonela izithethe zezinye iintlanga, ngokwemigaqo apho ingqiqo ka "igama" engekhoyo.

Ungeno kwi Table sezikhundla

ngo-1722 ukuba iqalise xwebhu njenge "Uluhlu sezikhundla", ngokucacileyo sabaphathi karhulumente kunye emkhosini eRashiya - Peter I ukusetyenziswa kwiifani yaziswa kuphela. Ekubeni injongo ezintsha nje ukunika commoner, kodwa abantu abanetalente ithuba lokwenza umsebenzi, oko kudla ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela ziphezulu nabo kwisihloko nedvoryanskyh. Kule nkalo kwaba amalungiselelo ekunene wabanumzana zabucala kunye ilifa kwi ukuxatyiswa, kodwa ke zitshintshiwe, kwaye ubudala ukuze abantu raznochinskogo imvelaphi angaba kwirenki entle phezulu.

Ngoko ke, ndawonye wabanumzana, kunye namagama olusemthethweni apho. Ukuba kukho indawo ebalulekileyo ekuhlala kuzo nene, ukuba uqhagamshelane ukuba balandele ngomyalelo wakhe ezindilekileyo, ukuba raznochinets - onabo. Ngoko wenza kwimeko elikwinqanaba eliphezulu kancinci inkunzi-wazalwa eyahamba. Kulo mzekelo, isihloko superannuation kwandiswa ukuya kwiqabane esemthethweni - kufuneka aphathwe ngokufanayo indoda yakhe.

udumo officer ukuba

Kulo mzekelo, ngaphezu kwabo bonke Eziko wacaphula zomkhosi. Ngoko ke, nkqu amagosa mncinane umkhosi Russian baba "Mhlekazi", oko kukuthi, ukonwabela ilungelo lokubhena yezikhulu. Ngaphezu koko, kulula ngaphezu kokuba uceba yabasebenzi karhulumente, ukuba sifuna ukuthandwa ngabafo amafa (kangangexesha elithile nje yaba igosa card).

Ngokubanzi, imithetho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: abaqeshwa ukuya emkhosini udidi IX, inkundla kunye nenkonzo yoluntu kufuneka kuthiwe "Mhlekazi", ukususela VIII ukuya VI - «Obalaseleyo Yakho", i-V - "Mhlekazi". Izihloko ezintlwini eziphezulu wachaza ngokucacileyo into yokuba ezinye zazo kufuneka inikezelwe kuphela abanumzana, kodwa "high" - "ngoBekekileyo Your» (IV-III) kunye "ngoBekekileyo bakho (III).

Akukho kuzo zonke iinkalo sibe i "lobungangamsha" - eliphezulu-iklasi itafile sezikhundla ebengekho kule dragoons, Cossacks kwi Yabalindi nenkonzo senkundla. Kwelinye icala, ke ngesinqanawa eso wayengekho ngaphantsi, udidi XIV. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo yinkonzo Marathon kunye namanye amanyathelo.

uLt Golitsyn

Angaphathi negosa kwasasazwa isiko kwaye ujonge omnye komnye kuluhlu. Xa umemeza isicwangciso ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi esesikweni, kwakunye junior kuluhlu ukuya abakhulu kufuneka bongeze igama "inkosi". Kodwa ke amagosa ulowo enye elikwisikhundla sikweni. Kwaba nokwamkeleka kakuhle kunye nabantu abangekho. Amagosa waba epaulets kunye nezinye enjalo, ngoko kulula kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba ngubani na phambi kwenu. Ngoko ukubiza i owasemzini "uLieutenant" okanye igosa "UMnu Staff Captain" phantse ababeyiswele.

Eli joni sanyanzeleka ukuba kubiza alimwi i "amanene", ephendula ibinzana ngokomthetho. Yaba lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo yonyango nembeko. Ngamanye amaxesha, ngendlela okungekho sesikweni kakhulu (umzekelo, ingxelo imeko kwindawo), irenki zingakwazi isicelo isikhundla ngqwayi, ngokudibanisa "nkosi." Kodwa kwafuneka 'sho "isibheno igosa le ndoda ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ngokwesiko ngokukhwaza. Ngenxa yoko, kwaye "vashbrod" kakhulu, "vashskorod". Ukuze credit lwamagosa Russian kunye iinjengele, kunqabile ukuba acaphuke amajoni ezinjalo "perile." Ku nga ezivunyiweyo phakathi kwamagosa kunye kakhulu kakubi ezintlwini asezantsi. Nangona amajoni emkhosini Russian isekhona phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX phantsi ngokusemthethweni ukohlwaya ngokubetha, kwaye ngexesha scuffle yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye namagosa ibingento kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho, oko kuseyinto ifomu kakhulu embi. Igosa akuthethi ukuseka imithetho engqongqo malunga nendlela yokusingatha amajoni, kodwa ke abantu abaninzi zibhekisela 'abazalwana' babo, "serviceman" - oko kukuthi familiarly phantsi, kodwa abanobubele.

Ayisoloko imi iyunifomu

Nangona amagosa Russian wayenxibe iimpahla, kodwa kuyabonakala ukuba ngaphantsi ngandlel ngaphezu amagosa. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa i iklasi umsebenzi engaziwayo abakwazanga njalo. Kulo mzekelo, ungenza ujonge ukuba ungubani "mnumzana" - waya phantse bonke.

Ukuba igosa okanye thaca ngendlela efanayo, ukuba ngokuphosakeleyo kunye titulovannosti ingqalelo ukuba anyeliswe.

iinkosi ngaphantsi

Kodwa isibheno "inkosi" wayengekho yande kakhulu kuluntu Russian kakuhle. Ewe, iye yasetyenziswa, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo xa besitya ngokwamagama ( "UMnu Skariyoti"), isihloko ( 'Mnu Jikelele ") okanye isikhundla (" Mr uCeba of State "). Ngaphandle kweli gama kufumana ithowuni isigqebelo: ". Inkosi Good" Kuphela abakhonzi wasebenzisa eli isibheno ngokubanzi, 'Yintoni ofuna uYehova? "Kodwa kokwabo kwisicaka kwiindawo zikawonke (iihotele, iindawo zokutyela); ngendlu abanikazi ngokwabo ifakiwe njengezicaka kufuneka ujonge kubo.

Igama elithi "inkosi" ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kwathiwa abajongwa emabi - babecinga ukuba kunjalo ngokuba kuphela locwaningo elinabakhweli zabo, nabo bonke.

Abafownelwa zobuqu efanayo phakathi abahlobo abalungileyo ukuba abaninzi amagama namabinzana zigxininisa uvelwano: ". Umhlobo wam" "umphefumlo wam", "abathandekayo", Ukuba impatho enjalo batshintsha ngesiquphe ngesibheno "mnumzana", ithi ubuhlobo muncu.

Ziphelelwe ukuba uphelelwe

Namhlanje, kalukhuni ngolo hlobo yokuziphatha intetho iyafuneka. Kodwa ke kukho iimeko apho kunyanzelekile. Ngoko ke, ekwimo ngenxa nangemihla yethu kwisihloko loonozakuzaku amazwe kunye nookumkani (zenjenjalo nkqu i-USSR, nangona umgaqo ezinxulumene izihloko abangenayo kakhulu). yokuziphatha okungqongqo zentetho olukhoyo kwinkqubo yenkundla. Ifudusiwe iintlobo yamandulo idilesi ebandleni, yaye zisetyenziswa yaye wempangelo abantu kwimeko lwabafowunelwa zoshishino kunye nabameli abasemagunyeni yobufundisi.

Modern Russia njengoko akanalo uhlobo jikelele kwedilesi ngentlonelo (ukuba indoda okanye umfazi). "UMnu" yaye "uNksk", ngokungqinelana ngokupheleleyo izithethe emilayo mbandela. Ngakumbi abahluphekayo eSoviet elithi "comrade" - ukuba lisebenziswa yomkhosi Russian ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kwinqanaba jikelele - kakhulu ngokubanzi. Igama elihle - eYurophu aphakathi ukuba ulowo ezinye fraternities labafundi, abalandeli kamasifundisane okanye amanye amajoni; e Russia - abarhwebi ethengisa imveliso enye, oko kukuthi, kuzo zonke iimeko abantu efanayo ezenza jikelele luncedo. Kodwa abanye kufuneka ulahle ngokuthi "amazwi eSoviet Union." Ngenxa yoko, indala yokuziphatha intetho nangoku ulibele, yaye mihla kodwa ukuphuhlisa.