Dzheyms Dzhoys: engobomi, ukufunda nokubhala

Dzheyms Dzhoys, ogama engobomi ichazwe kweli nqaku, nguye ummeli edume kakhulu kwimpucuko e-Ireland. umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu inkcubeko zehlabathi zenkulungwane yama-20.

Esakhula

Joyce wazalwa ngo-1882 kumazantsi Dublin, kummandla Rathgar. Usapho lwakhe lalilikhulu kakhulu (abantwana elinesihlanu). Uyise Dzhon Dzhoys ekuqaleni benza ishishini losapho - trade iwayini. Kodwa ekubeni kakuhle ukuba abawazi kwimicimbi, ngokukhawuleza zawa. Kwafuneka ukuba kwiofisi yerhafu. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi umsebenzi ayizange ezinothuli, kodwa kukho uYohane ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Emva koko, ngokufuthi yatshintsha imisebenzi. Ekunye nomfazi wakhe Meri Dzheyn, kwafuneka ukuba rhoqo, ngoko uYakobi kwabantwana abancinane babehlala phantse kuzo zonke iindawo Dublin.

Enyanisweni, uxanduva yonke intsapho yawa emagxeni nonina. Waye umhlalaphantsi obulula, leyo bonke waphila. John-playboy akuthethi ukubhidanisa le meko. It banazo kakhulu bonke abantwana entsatsheni, owazalelwa nenzondo uyise wakhe. Kamva, ngemisebenzi Joyce, ezi mvakalelo ziza kuboniswa.

Nangona intlupheko disorder usapho, inkwenkwe wakwazi ukufumana imfundo esemgangathweni. Xa ndandineminyaka emithandathu waye wathunyelwa wamaJesuit College Klongouz Woods. Mazigqithiselwe Belvedere kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye. Ngowe-1897, ngemfundo yasemva aphakamileyo, Dzheyms Dzhoys ngokubhalisa kwi-University of Dublin (Royal), ukusuka apho izifundo ngo-1902.

le ncwadi lokuqala

Dzheyms Dzhoys, ogama engobomi ingqina ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo umbhali abanetalente, ukusuka wayemthanda iincwadi nolwimi isikolo sakhe. Kwaba ngoko nangoko kwacaca ukuba oku nje isininzi.

Ukubhala James ezincinane eganiweyo ngaphambi kokuba bangene wamaJesuit zekholeji. Kodwa xa wayeneminyaka elithoba, wadala umbongo, ngobambana kwi ngqo yayo ngokuphandle. Yanikezela ukuba Charles Parnell, inkokeli zomzabalazo wenkululeko Ireland, nogxa wakhe Timoti Hili, lowo wamngcatshayo umhlobo wakhe, ngenxa apho wafa.

Lo mbongo ezityalwe uyise umbhali, kodwa ikopi, ngelishwa, akazange asinde.

Ngoxa ukufunda kwiYunivesithi Joyce wabhala isincoko malunga umbhali yakhe ayithandayo Genrihe Ibsene "Drama and Life". Yaba isishwankathelo encinane yomsebenzi. Emva konyaka Joyce waqalisa ukushicilela kwiphephancwadi London edumileyo "Uhlaziyo veki ezimbini-". Incwadi yakhe yokuqala inqaku on play Ibsen kaThixo "Drama New". Umbhali zokufuna ndafumana intlawulo elungileyo, kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu indumiso ekuchubekeni kuye.

Kwakhona ngo-1900 wabhala umdlalo "umsebenzi okuqaqambileyo". Kuyinto nje alingise Ibsen.

Emva kokufa inqaku Ruskin Joyce "isithsaba omnquma wasendle" yapapashwa kwijenali apho iintetho umbhali malunga bayahlelwa odumileyo eliNgesi.

Ukususela ngo-1901, ikakhulu ukwenza translation (umzekelo, Hauptmann kaThixo "Ngaphambi Sunrise").

Ngo-Oktobha 1902, uYakobi wakwazi ukudibana Yates. Njengoko yokugqibela, umbhali wethu aspiring baziphethe ezinkulu kakhulu. Eneneni, Joyce waba ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuziphatha, kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba abe nenceba nobubele ebantwini.

Paris

Ngoko Joyce waphumelela i-University. Phambi kwakhe kwakumi a byi: ntoni elandelayo? 'S yokucinga ixesha elithile ngalo, wagqiba ukuba wayefuna ukuba basebenzise amayeza. Le nto ekuqaleni kuDisemba 1902 waya eParis.

Dzheyms Dzhoys, ogama engobomi Akumangalisi ngamanye amaxesha, kwisixeko romantic kwihlabathi ngokukhawuleza yalibala ngenjongo yotyelelo yakhe. Medicine ngokoqobo badlula entlokweni yakhe.

Uba rhoqo National Library, efunda kakhulu kwaye ucinga. Ukusuka kwezi iingcinga ekugqibeleni wajika ingqokelela yemibongo "Chamber umculo" kunye iprozi usebenza, koko wathi "Epiphany," Dzheyms Dzhoys ngokwakhe. Ngokufutshane lo mbono kuboniswa "Stephen Hero" (umbhali inoveli) kwaye uphawu theory ubuhle ekuqaleni Joyce kaThixo.

Ukongeza, uYakobi wathuma izixhobo kunye ncomo zeencwadi kwisiqithi, baye kushicilelwa "Dublin Daily Express".

Embindini ka 1903 uyafa unina Joyce. Iinyanga zokugqibela unyana wakhe e Dublin. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukungaboni ngasonye ngenxa yenkolo (Joyce Wakhanyela unqulo), emva kokushiya unina ndaziva enetyala waza waqalisa yayiminxa notywala.

Ukususela ngo-1904, waqala umsebenzi umsebenzi ezinkulu wokuqala - ". A Hero ka Steven" kwinoveli , Ngaxeshanye ukusebenza imibongo, apho kamva ziya kufakwa kwi ukuqokelela "Dubliners".

Juni 10 Kwenzeka intlanganiso sibi ebomini Joyce bakhe. Yena wadibana nomfazi wakhe elizayo, Nora. Ngelo xesha, yena wayesebenza abe ngumkhonzazana kwihotele. Ukususela ngaloo mini, ukuba phantse zange sahlukana.

Ngeli xesha, uYakobi ubhala kwaye ipapashe kwiimagazini a lot of amabali. Ke ekugqibeleni, kunye Nora, waya eYurophu, ukuze azise.

Ngowe-1905, e Trieste, esi sibini kufuneka unyana Giorgio, kwaye ngo-1907 - intombi Lucia. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba intombazana wazalelwa kwisibhedlele lamahlwempu. Joyce bakwimeko zemali nzima, nangona into yokuba uyise ntsapho kunye omninzi yomsebenzi onzima. Ingqokelela "Dubliners" akukho mntu wayefuna ukupapasha, ingakumbi e-Ireland. Ithe ke yakuba ilondele ingqalelo unpatriotic, kunye umshicileli xi loluntu sele wayalela ukutshisa iikopi zilungele ukuthengiswa.

Zurich

Ngenxa kokuqhambuka of World Joyce kunyanzeleke ukuba aye Zurich, apho aya kuhlala de-1919. UYakobi wayesele iqalile ukusebenza kwi inoveli ibalulekileyo ebomini - ". Ulysses"

Ubomi e Zurich yaba langutana ni ngenxa yokuba apha umbhali yaphela ukusebenza ngomhla kwenye imisebenzi yakhe emihle - ". A Umfanekiso Artist njenge Man Young" incwadi Ezinye izahluko sele sibonile ukukhanya, kodwa lonke uhlelo Ndandingekakulungeli.

"A Umfanekiso Artist njenge Man Young"

Le ezintsha ngokuphila Yakobi Joyce kaThixo. Yena ezivela ebhaliweyo ngaphambili "Stephen Hero."

Le ncwadi yapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1916 eUnited States, enkosi kwimisebenzi Hariett umhlobo Joyce Weaver, umhleli owayesakuba "Egoist". Emva koko yapapashwa Austria kunye namanye amazwe.

Umbhali uchaza ukuvela uTshawe ngegama Stiven Dedal, abathi "Ulysses," uya kuvela inoveli kwixesha elizayo. Dzheyms Dzhoys uthe ngobuntu bakhe Alter-ukuzigwagwisa. Daedalus nje yake inyaniso postulates zobuKatolika kunye ukuchaneka isixhobo yoluntu namhlanje e-Ireland.

"Ulysses"

De 1922 amaphephancwadi ephuma yentloko inoveli omtsha uJoyce. Kodwa kungekudala, nkqu eUnited States kwavalwa ukuba ukukhululwa. Ku Britain, unqunyanyiso waze 1936. Ekugqibeleni, le ncwadi ipapashwe Paris. Waye wakhululwa ngomhla ngoFebruwari 2 - umhla wokuzalwa yombhali.

Ngaba umbhali waphupha ngoko ukuba umsebenzi wakhe kuthiwa njengezona kwimpucuko ukuba uya kufumana liphezulu "Ulysses 'bakhe? Dzheyms Dzhoys wenza oku ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo! Uye wadala umsebenzi Amazing polystylistic, ezele zembali bulumko jikelele yenkcubeko kunye nezinye izinto,,. Ngaphandle elula yesiqwenga eso, inoveli a ezimangalisayo ngokwenene kunye ezizodwa.

schemes ezimbini ukuqonda ukuba Dzheyms Dzhoys. itheyibhile lwamaxesha yapapashwa ngowe-1931 S. Gilbert kule ncwadi-isifundo "Ulysses" Joyce ".

"Finnegans Wake"

Ngowe-1923, umbhali uqalisa umsebenzi umsebenzi wakhe wokugqibela enkulu. wabiza lo msebenzi "Le Nto kulo msebenzi."

Dzheyms Dzhoys, ogama engobomi lusoloko wafumana reflection kwiincwadi zakhe, wathi ukubhala imbali yehlabathi. Ukususela ngowe-1927 waqala ukupapasha izahluko zenoveli entsha.

NgoJulayi 1931, uYakobi utshata ngokusesikweni Nora (kwaye oku emva kweminyaka 27 ulwalamano!). Neenyanga ezintandathu kamva, baba umzukulwana ogama uStefano.

Ngowe-1939 Ndabona nokukhululwa i kwinoveli yokulinga, nâzo ubuchule 'umsinga lokuqonda ". Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaba umbhali Dzheyms Dzhoys. Iincwadi Okumangalisayo umfundi ayifikelelekanga. "Finnegans Wake" iquka nocatshulo yokugxininisa, neologisms iisethi, umbhali usebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi ngencwadi ebhaliweyo, ukuze ndinixelele kanye hayi ke ngoko.

Ngokusemthethweni, isenzo lwenzeka ngabusuku bunye e Dublin, kumgangatho lokomfuziselo - Yiyo le ke imbali lonke ihlabathi.

ukusebenza

NgoJanuwari 1941, emva kotyando ukususa isilonda esiswini, uyafa Dzheyms Dzhoys. Quotes ezincwadini zakhe eprintiweyo kuzo zonke iimagazini, kodwa ngoku kwicandelo obituary. Kwaba buhlungu kakhulu ukuba usapho kunye bonke abalandeli zombhali.

ubomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi baba nempembelelo kakhulu kwi amagcisa obalaseleyo Dzhon Apdayk, Borges, Beckett. umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala yahlaziywa ambiguously zombini ebomini yaye emva kokufa. Kodwa inye into ihlala rhoqo - Dzheyms Dzhoys sele ziqhuba revolution ngokupheleleyo inkcubeko yehlabathi.