Dzhon Neper: biography of ubomi bakhe. Dzhon Neper yasungulwa?

Dzhon Neper (ngobude yakhe ibekwe kamva kweli nqaku) - Scottish kwezezibalo, umbhali kunye wezakwalizwi. Yafumana udumo ngokudala ingqiqo see logarithm nje isixhobo zemathematika ukuncedisa izibalo.

Dzhon Neper: biography

Wazalwa ngo-1550 e-Merchiston Castle, kufuphi Edinburgh (Scotland), unyana ka-Sir Archibald Napier kunye Dzhenet Botuell. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-13, uYohane ngokubhalisa kwi-University of St Andrews, kodwa nokuhlala kwakhe kwakukho mhlawumbi-obufutshane, waza washiywa ngaphandle imfundo ephakamileyo.

Malunga ekuqaleni ebomini encinane Napier liza, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba wahambela kwenye indawo, njengoko eqhelekileyo phakathi inzala yezikhulu Scottish. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1571 wayesele wabuyela ekhaya kwaye wachitha bonke ubomi bakhe nokuba Merchiston, okanye Gartnesse. Kunyaka olandelayo, Dzhon Neper wazeka umfazi Elizabeth Stirling, lowo wazala unyana kunye nentombi. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokufa umfazi wakhe ngo-1579 Napier watshata umzala wakhe Agnes. umtshato wesibini ukutshata ka ezilishumi, abangoonyana neentombi ngokulinganayo. Emva kokufa kukayise Napier ngowe-1608, yena nentsapho yakhe bafudukela Merchiston Inqaba e Edinburgh, apho wahlala de kwasekufeni kwakhe.

Wezenkolo kwasungulwa

Ubomi Dzhona Nepera zenzeka ngexesha yondele phakathi nezenkolo. ubudlelwane ndiyazingca yaye umnqwazi lobuProtestanti kunye Church of Rome, ukuba andifuni ukuba uyazisa engaganwanga ngothando. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba King James VI of Scotland awayeyilindele ukulawula ka Elizabeth I ukuya itrone IsiNgesi, yaye ndacinga ukuba umele wafuna uncedo yamaKatolika Philip II, uKumkani eSpeyin, ukuba le njongo kwaye kwaphunyezwa. KweNtlanganiso Jikelele Church of Scotland, leyo eduze Napier, wacela ukumkani ukuba alwe amaKatolika, noYohane izihlandlo ezithathu, waba lilungu lekomiti, elibika kukumkani-ntle yebandla yaye azama ukweyisela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuphumeza ubulungisa nxamnye neentshaba ibandla likaThixo.

incwadi kukumkani

NgoJanuwari 1594 Dzhon Neper wabhenela uKumkani of Scotland incwadi apho "A ingcaciso elula zonke nezityhilelo St John 'yakhe laliqulunqwe. Lo msebenzi, nto leyo ngokungqongqo uhlobo nakwisayensi Kuqikelelwa ukuba, ukuphembelela iziganeko lwanamhlanje. It Napier wabhala: "Bayekeni inguqu ubukhulu jikelele ilizwe lakho liya kuba yinkxalabo Mhlekazi, yaye, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ikhaya mhlekazi ngabantakwabo, usapho kunye nenkundla, ubacamagushele kuzo zonke rhanelwa papism, ukungakholelwa kunye cala, nto leyo isityhilelo qikelela ukuba inani labo kufuneka landise kakhulu kule mihla yokugqibela. "

Umsebenzi ebonakalayo kwimbali yecawa Scottish.

Uphuhliso izixhobo

Emva kokupapashwa 'ingcaciso elula "kubonakala ukuba uqalise ukwenza izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo zemfazwe. Ukuqokelelwa ngqangi, ngoku egcinwe e Lambeth Ibhotwe e London, iqulathe uxwebhu esayinwa Dzhon Neper. Oko owavela sezibalo Scottish ecacileyo ukusuka uluhlu lwezixhobo wadala "ngobabalo lukaThixo kunye nomsebenzi iinkosi 'ukuze akhusele ilizwe labo. Phakathi kwazo iintlobo ezimbini yezibuko sigade, inxalenye umthi zokudubula kunye inqwelo otyhidiweyo, ungenza kuyo ipali ngokusebenzisa imingxunya ezincinane.

Iminikelo kwimathematika

Dzhon Neper iminyaka yobomi bakhe eyayinikelwe isifundo yemathematika, ngokukodwa, ukudalwa iindlela lula ukubala, edume ka apho iyindlela see logarithm, leyo namhlanje ibizwa ngegama ngumdali layo. Waqala umsebenzi ngayo, mhlawumbi kwangethuba 1594, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yekhompyutha apho iingcambu imveliso kunye QUOTIENT kwezi nombolo ngokukhawuleza abalwe kusetyenziswa itafile nezinga inani lowo lisetyenziswa base.

Igalelo lakhe kule sixhobo enamandla zemathematika kuchazwa azibhala ezimbini: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( «Inkcazelo emangalisayo Canon of logarithm"), epapashwe 1614, kwakunye Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio ( «Ukudala emangalisayo Canon of logarithm"), eyapapashwa kubini iminyaka emva kokufa yombhali. Xa isifundo sokuqala wachaza amanyathelo yezibalo Scottish nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni wokusungula.

zibe lula yekhompyutha

Logarithm ukuze kube lula ukubala, ngokuphinda-phinda ethile, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze ngeenkwenkwezi. Napier wafumanisa ukuba sisiseko le ndlela yokubala yaba ubudlelwane phakathi arithmetic progression - manani ngokulandelelana, nganye ibalwe zejometri phambili kwi phambi phinda ngayo into rhoqo mkhulu kuno-1 (umz, ulandelelwano-2, 4, 8, 16 ...), okanye ngaphantsi kwe-1 (isi-8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2 ...).

E Descriptio, ukongeza echaza uhlobo see logarithm, Dzhon Neper wayethintelwe kuhlu kwiindawo zabo ukusetyenziswa. Wathembisa ukuba achaze indlela yokwakha lwabo kumsebenzi kamva. Yaba Constructio, efanele ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa yenkqubo kwesishumi zokwahlula inxalenye iqhezu amanani ukusuka lonke. Needesimali ukuba zingeniswe ngomhla injineli Flemish kunye yezibalo Simon Stevin ngo-1586, kodwa ubhalo wakhe ngumsina. In Constructio olusezantsi njenge njengomahluli point. yezibalo Swiss Joost Burgi kwiminyaka 1603-1611, nokuba sezibalo Scottish wasungula inkqubo yakhe see logarithm, apapashwa 1620. Kodwa Napier wasebenza phezu kwazo phambi Burgi neziphambili lanikwa kuye ngenxa komhla wopapasho ekuqaleni 1614.

Rabdologiya kunye nezetrigonometry

Nangona kwasungulwa logarithm nguYohane Napier kwelanga yonke eminye imisebenzi yakhe, yonke iminikelo yakhe kwimathematika hayi zivinjwe. Ngowe-1617 wapapasha wakhe Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per Virgulas Libri Duo ( «Rabdologiya okanye iincwadi akhawunti ezimbini ngoncedo yeentsasa", 1667), apho wachaza iindlela yokuqala phindo kunye nokwahlula phakathi kweentonga ezincinane lume ezahlulwe sisithuba imigca ezinqamlezayo kwi izikwere 9 ndibeke kuwo amanani. Ezi zixhobo ze-akhawunti, eyaziwa ngokuba iintonga Napier yabe ungumhambeli phambili kolawulo yesilayidi.

Kananjalo wenza igalelo elivakalayo kwitrigonometri ungqukuva, ingakumbi ngokunciphisa inani kwizibalo olusetyenzisiweyo ukulicacisa ubudlelwane netrigonometri, ukusuka kwishumi ukuya ezimbini. Kwakhona owenza ifomula netrigonometri efanayo Napier, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba sezibalo IsiNgesi Henry Briggs nayo ndabandakanyeka xa kubhalwa kuzo.

Dzhon Neper wafa ngoAprili 4, 1617 e-Merchiston Castle.