Egypt yamandulo: isixhobo kunye negama

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseYiputa yamandulo uxolo nenzolo lweendwendwe zakhe ezinqabileyo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba abemi Nile kwafuneka ukuba alwe kuhlaselo abamelwane impi nezizwe ezininzi ephila, urhulumente athile izanyazanyiswa ngaphakathi, bathulula ngedlela olunegazi nezidubedube. Ngoko izixhobo yamandulo eYiputa rhoqo uba yingxoxo isigqibo isigwebo imiba ebalulekileyo.

Eyona engundoqo umlando yamandulo baseYiputa

Ngokwemveli, imbali yaseYiputa yamandulo lungohlulwa lube kumanqanaba aliqela, ezona ziphambili zezi:

1. umbuso yaMandulo yelo xesha evela th 3.2. Ukuze 2.4 amawaka. BC. e. Yayikhokelwe ixesha pre-dynastic kunye nexesha lokuqala dynastic.
2. Middle Kingdom - ukususela kwiminyaka 2.1 lamawaka 1.8 amawaka BC ... e.
3. New Kingdom - phakathi 1.7 iminyaka eliwaka BC. kunye 1.1 amawaka. BC. e. Kwakhe kwavela ixesha emva kwexesha kwaye zamaGrike.

Le ekubaleni kunokuba phantsi kwemiqathango, njengoko phakathi ngamnye maxesha enkulu yembali ziye kakhulu utshintsho elide iba a etsolo zopolitiko nezentlalo nomzabalazo okwethutyana, nto leyo lifumana Egypt Ancient. Izixhobo ngexesha la maxesha kwenzeka kwimfuno kunanini na ngaphambili, nokunikela ngamandla ezongeziweyo ekuphuculeni kuyo.

Izizathu nokudalwa sempi rhoqo

Ngethuba i-Old yoBukumkani, eshiya i inkumbulo kusakhiwa sikhulu idumileyo ngexesha lethu iiphiramidi, isisongelo engundoqo kwimida esemazantsi laseYiputa laba emelwe ziintshaba zawo yemveli le Nubians, nangenxa empuma - kumaBedou ephila. Ekubeni ukhuseleko nokungena lwabo kunye nokhuseleko iindlela zorhwebo, kubalulekile kakhulu, ooFaro ziye wanyamekela ngokudala iiyunithi umkhosi neziqhelekileyo kwezikhali efanayo. Ezi báthi ziquka ikakhulu ezamahala, kuzamkelela Iinkonzo babo umvuzo ethile.

Yintoni wenza izixhobo eYiputa yamandulo?

Kuzo zonke izigaba zophuhliso lwabantu izixhobo zayo buxhomekeke kakhulu kwinqanaba inkqubela zobugcisa. Ekubeni thuba liphantsi kovavanyo kwaba sekunjalo sikwinqanaba kuqala, izixhobo e eYiputa yamandulo zazenziwe uluhlu eliqingqiweyo ngezinto, ikuyo le ke gunsmiths. Zesinyithi abanazo zaba zezobhedu kuphela nangobhedu, ezibe ngenxa ukwenziwa ngezinkempe edabini-nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi. Made yezi zixhobo ngelo xesha imali eninzi kakhulu yaye isetyenziswe ikakhulu nabathetheli kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye ooFaro.

Noko ke, okuphawulekayo umkhosi omkhulu wamajoni omkhosi axhobe wazinika imikhonto namakhaka ukuze uzifihle. A isebe eyahlukileyo wenkonzo abatoli kunye namajoni, abatshabalalise iiklabhu yotshaba. Ukhokela kunye yotolo, kwakunye inxalenye ephezulu eqinileyo ye kwiiklabhu, ekuthiwa amantloko, ezenziwe ibunzi.

Izihlangu intsi Marine

AmaYiputa iingweletshetshe ngokuqhelekileyo kweentlobo ezimbini - ezinkulu, phantse ukufikelela njengegorha chin sazama amanye phezulu, kwakunye ezincinci, yaba imilo setyhula. Njengoko nabanye anikwa ngaphakathi iibhanti ezizodwa ikuvumela ukugcina kubo, yaye ngokulula ukwenza iintlobo yokulwa nobuchule.

Ke iingubo okulwa yamandulo, ngenxa yemozulu eyomileyo eshushu akukho iiyunifomu ezikhethekileyo ababenayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isinxibo sabo kuqulethe isondo ezimfutshane, nayo eqhelekileyo phakathi umphakathi, kwakunye iiwigi of lwegusha. Le lesiphumo ebonakala zokuhombisa, ukuba kunjalo injongo onombono ngevangeli. Made lamanqanaba eziliqela segusha, uboya ejijekileyo ngaphandle iminqwazi ngesigqubuthelo sentloko ezinjalo wadlala indima, elikhuselayo intloko legorha ukuba ibetha iqela okanye iiklabhu.

yokuhlasela Egyptian

Malunga ubungakanani kunye ubuchule nomkhosi waseYiputa yathi ebudeni bolawulo kaFaro Sneferu (2614-2579 gg. BC. E.) ngokulwa amaYiputa nako ukufaka ukongeza lwemigodi esisityebi noba 700 lamawaka. Amabanjwa. Ekubeni umlo kwafuneka ukuba ukuvula tyaba kwendawo, alwayo amaqhinga eziyintloko amaYiputa ukuba ukwakha yokuhlasela - ezintlwini zamahlathi, equka pikemen, zifihliwe yi namakhaka.

Emva kwabo kwafika abatoli, beqhumisa phezu kweentloko zabo ndihlanjwe utshaba ngamafu iintolo. Ukuba le qhinga kwakhona isicelo kwezinye iintlanga, wayesoloko waphumelela ngobugcisa ngakumbi kwaye baqeqeshwa umkhosi. Kule nkalo, i-amaYiputa akukho ngokulinganayo.

Iimpawu zomkhosi kwexesha eliphakathi Kingdom

Izixhobo laseYiputa yaMandulo ngexesha kuMbindi Kingdom bajoyine baziphatha ngezembe. Xa ixesha elidlulileyo zembali ukuba sele babazise ngasechwebeni loMnayile, kodwa kusetyenziswa abafane ngenxa yeendleko yalo phezulu. Le cut-and-lihlaba izixhobo, nto leyo efana izembe ebanzi egosogoso, ebethelelwe esibondeni elide, zazenziwe ngobhedu, ngoko axhoma ngendlela engathethekiyo.

Njengoko ngaphambili, umkhosi yahlulwa ibe amajoni ezisetyenziswa amakhaka emfazweni, nabo benza ngaphandle kwabo. I yangaphambili ziquka amarhamncwa asengcongolweni, leyo ekupheleni kuMbindi uBukumkani ajoyine uMarines ngamazembe ukuya yesibini - amadoda axhobe imikhonto, nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi, nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi, amagqudu neentonga.

Innovations ngokulwa amaqhinga

Okunye lwenziwe nenkqubo yokwakha phalanxes ekulweni. Ukuba kumqolo omnye, ngoku ke amajoni baqalisa ukwakha kwizintlu ezimbalwa, ejongene omnye komnye kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngelo xesha abo babekwa ngasemva egumbini, wayephethe umkhonto kunye emigodini elide, ngokuvumela kwakhona ukuba ukubetha yotshaba.

Le nkqubo kukubekwa amarhamncwa asengcongolweni ekuthiwa isakhiwo enzulu koko kusetyenziswa yimikhosi ezininzi. Nangona uninzi umzekelo wakhe Kokwabakhulileyo ke yokuhlasela odumileyo Macedonian, avavanyiwe kwaye yaphuhliswa le ezintsha Egypt Ancient, ogama isixhobo kude ngexesha wavumela ukusetyenziswa ezinjalo amaqhinga edabini.

A phawu uphawu amaxesha nomkhosi waseYiputa kuMbindi uBukumkani kukuba izilingo ngokupheleleyo elihamba, yaye ukusebenzisa amahashe, nangona umNayile ngelo xesha ke kwaziwa. Njengoko ngaphambili, ngethuba ekulweni indima ebalulekileyo yanikwa abatoli, izixhobo leyo waba iinguqulelo ezininzi.

Kwakunzima ungamandla ukuloyisa. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba amajoni, bexhobe izaphetha zilula eyenziwe ukusukela enye iinkuni, kunye neemitha enye enesiqingatha ububanzi, bakwazi ukubetha utshaba kumgama oziimitha ezili-150. Emva koko, kukho imifuziselo phambili ngakumbi kwesi sixhobo, eziqokelelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo beenkuni wayigubungela isikhumba. Kodwa ngenxa yeendleko yalo phezulu, baba zifikeleleke ngenkankulu ukuba amajoni eziqhelekileyo.

Ukucutheka kunye nemvuselelo ezilandelayo Egypt

Kuba amaYiputa kuMbindi zoBukumkani yaphelela kakubi kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba ba ngokukhawuleza kwaqinisekisa umkhosi omtsha ngexesha yokulwa ingalo - zokulwa, leyo kudala asetyenziswa kubamelwane babo. Ngenxa yoko, bafumana isifundo ekrakra, prepodnesonny ngokwezizwe zabo Hyksos mbuya.

Ukusebenzisa-high speed iinqwelo ezimbini emfazweni, benza uhlaselo imibane, bazijizeke imvula iintolo yotshaba base eshiya ukusuka kotshutshiso. Kuba ngezigaba zabo yeselula amabutho nezikhali eYiputa yamandulo, ilaliswe kumabakala yangaphambili zophuhliso, akazange yingozi enkulu. Umphumo waba abambelele waphumela ixesha Hyksos ngoko ukwehla.

Ukuvuselelwa phambi ezinamandla, kodwa boyiswa bakhona kaRhulumente yaqala ehlabathini BC ngenkulungwane XVII. e. Esona sizathu siphambili kule nkqubo kukuba amadoda eYiputa yamandulo kunye nezixhobo zabo uye utshintsho ezimangalisayo ukuba ekugqibeleni ngokugxotha aba bahlaseli.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, baye bafunda nje kuphela ezizalana amahashe, kodwa ukuzilawula. Ukongeza, iingcibi baseYiputa abolekwe abasemzini mveliso iinqwelo ubugcisa, nabo uMarines Sendisicwaba ubuchule bokusebenzisa kwabo imisebenzi zomkhosi ngempumelelo.

Kwakubonakala ngathi iinqwelo?

Leyo umYiputa zokulwa, namhlanje kugwetywa imifanekiso isetyenziswayo, kwakunye zezinto zakudala ngexesha ngabembi bezinto. Yaba nqwelo ukukhanya, eyenzelwe abantu ababini, omnye olwaba ezimbini zokulwa ezinamahashe zinyuswe kuyo, kwaye eyesibini ngeli xesha ngazo iintshaba ukusuka isaphetha.

nokuma kwawo kuye akhulela ngendlela yokuba inqwelo waba ubunzima ubuncinane kunokwenzeka, kwaye ekwaziyo ngezantya eziphakamileyo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, sizibekela inani elifunekayo iingcingo osecaleni ngamaplanga, kwaye umgangatho eyenziwe kweentonga ezo zisontiweyo emilukweni obhityileyo. Wheels kunye hoops somthi mxinwa kwaye abazange babe ubunzima kakhulu. Emathambekeni senqwelo ebotshwe quivers iintolo, ndingowenzala evumela idabi oluqhubekayo.

Innovations kwenzeka ezingalweni

Noko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uya kuvelisa izixhobo umkhosi ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha, waba ukuphuculwa processing metal. Enkosi kubo, nangezikhali ezindala zelitye lenyengane, neentolo zatshintshwa yi yegqabi yentsimbi. Kuye kwenziwa ngcono kwaye ukuyilwa izaphetha ngokwabo, uya kuphucula kakhulu nokuchaneka kunye noluhlu yokulwa.

Ngeli xesha, endala izixhobo eYiputa yamandulo, kunye namagama ukuba kakhulu abathandi aziqhelileyo imbali, zincediswa yi ezintsha, ibolekwe, ngokutsho abaphandi, ukusuka Sumerians. Oku ekuthiwa-KHOPESH - uhlobo ngentsimbi ebandayo, ebandakanya blade irhengqa emile kunye nomqheba. Eyona uphawu olu hlobo ikrele yaba sokungena yalo phezulu, leyo ukuba ukubetha amajoni, enxibe isikrweqe metal.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba phakathi asakhulayo kweli thuba iintlobo ezintsha izixhobo ezifumaneka kunye boomerang, ene phantse yinto enzima kwabo basebenzisa abemi Australia ne Polynesia. Ukususela kulo mzekelo, nayiphi ukuboleka kunokwenzeka bathi kuphela ukuba kwilizwe labo ngqo Egypt Ancient.

Izixhobo kunye umbutho lempi Kingdom New

I ezintsha zobugcisa ichazwe ngasentla iya ngokutsha kakhulu kwaye umbutho yonke yomkhosi karhulumente. Ngaphezu koko azuze iinkulungwane zangaphambili elihamba - "umnatha", wabonakala beenqwelo - "netheter", eyaba uhlobo elite yomkhosi. Bazinikela ubomi babo ukufunda nokulwa izakhono ukusuka kuyise unyana wanika indawo enqwelweni.

Kwakhona baye banikwa iingubo utshintsho kunye nezixhobo infantrymen yamandulo laseYiputa. Ngu iziketi intliziyo-eprintiweyo efanayo wongezelela iiqhiya ezikhuselayo, nesigubungelo esiswini legorha. Not kugwetyelwa iiwigi ezinoboya wogutyulo indawo headscarves, ekhuselweyo kwimitha nolophu kwelanga.

Xa izixhobo sisonke amajoni ayo zaseYiputa kwexesha New Kingdom, lwaqhutyelwa Idabi eKadeshe (1274 BC. E.), Apho nomkhosi wawo bethontelana edabini kunye nabaphumi-umHeti yoBukumkani. Egypt yamandulo, ogama izixhobo ziye zaqhubeka ukuphucula, ukongeza iintlobo zayo zemveli, ezifana izaphetha, imikhonto, izikhali, ukulwa nezamazembe, namazembe, ngezinkempe, yaye wavela nje phambi KHOPESH, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ngaloo mini ngelo xesha, yaye iindidi ezintsha ngokupheleleyo ezimbini ngezinkempe .

Yokuba iincakuba kabini-mbini ezazakhiwe ukususela ngentsimbi (ngaphambili wenza babo yobhedu) ukuba amagqabi-ezimilise, apho ke kakuhle tapered emiphethweni yayo. Kwaba ekhululekile kwaye ingalo, mayixhotyiswe ezintsimbi cone-ezimile. Baba ezifanayo, kwaye Umehluko ikakhulu kubungakanani loyilo yabo. Eli dabi yamanzi, apho nobhedu nangobhedu ezandleni amajoni waxa ngentsimbi.

Zonyaka ezilandelayo yembali izixhobo yamandulo laseYiputa (ifoto iisampulu yayo ngamnye ziboniswa kwinqaku) ithe iinguquko, evela zombini inkqubela zeteknoloji ngaphakathi elizweni, kunye nophuhliso yobudlelwane bezizwe.