Njengoko babehlala abalimi bamandulo? Imbali abalimi

abantu Modern babe ingcamango vaguest of babehlala ngayo abalimi kumaXesha Aphakathi. Akumangalisi oku, kuba ubomi kunye nezithethe lali latshintsha ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Ukuvela ukuxhomekeka feudal

Igama elithi "abanemvume" AWUSEBENZI uninzi of Western Europe, kuba kulapha ukuba bonke abo nesenzeko ukuba imiba enxulumene kakhulu kunye ingcamango kumaXesha Aphakathi. Nguwo lo iinqaba, Amaqhawe ngaphezulu. Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke kule umphakathi endaweni yayo, apho ngenkankulu zatshintsha kwiinkulungwane eziliqela.

Xa Ekuveleni VIII kunye IX eminyaka. kwilizwe amakhosi (leyo bemanyene eFransi, eJamani yaye uninzi Italy) kwakukho revolution kobudlelwane malunga nobunini mhlaba. kuye kwathi inkqubo feudal, nto leyo isiseko kuluntu ephakathi.

Kumkani (abanini amandla ophakamileyo) wathembela kwinkxaso yomkhosi. Ukuze inkonzo nokumkani uqikelelo ifumene iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwabakho yonke iklasi neenkosi elinonokazi; waba iindawo enkulu ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Abalimi owayehlala la mazwe, yaba nempahla yabo.

Ixabiso ibandla

Enye umnini enkulu womhlaba uye ecaweni. yonaniso emishini kungabonakali kwiikhilomitha ezininzi square. Abalimi babehlala kumaXesha Aphakathi kwi mazwe? Bafumana isabelo esincinane abucala, yaye imbuyekezo kwafuneka asebenze inani elithile leentsuku kummandla yomnini. Yaba ngenkani kwezoqoqosho. Kuye ngayo phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu, ngaphandle yaseScandinavia.

Icawa wadlala indima ebalulekileyo amakhoboka kunye ukuswela belali. Ubomi abalimi ukunyenyisa ngokulula abasemagunyeni yobufundisi. Evulekileyo limenza ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi abalulamileyo libandla okanye ukutshintshwa ilizwe kamva ziboniswe kwi ntoni emntwini emva kokufa ezulwini.

Le mpofu abalimi

Kwakukho nobunini mhlaba feudal amahlwempu wonakele, phantse bonke babo babehlala ubuhlwempu esekuhleni. Oku kwakubangelwa iziganeko eziliqela. Ngenxa yokuba inkonzo rhoqo emkhosini kunye nomsebenzi nabalimi feudal zozibini zinqumkile, ezweni labo yaye ixesha lokwenza oko. Ukongeza, emagxeni abo walala phantsi iintlobo zerhafu ukusuka kurhulumente. aphakathi kumazwe lusekelwe ubandlululo nabangalungisiyo. Umzekelo, abalimi ngokuxhomekeke izohlwayo kakhulu kwezomthetho ngenxa yeziphoso kunye ukunyhashwa imithetho.

Le belali zabandezwa emhlabeni wabo, kodwa zange bagxothwa kuyo. Yaba uqoqosho yemvelo ngoko kuphela indlela yokusinda kwaye zenzi imali. Ngoko ke wanikela kankosi abalimi abangenamihlaba athathe ilizwe kubo ngenxa izibophelelo ezininzi, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla.

precarium

Indlela ephambili ukuvela yaseYurophu serfdom waba precarium. Ngoko ndabiza izivumelwano kugqitywa phakathi izinduna kwaye umlimi amahlwempu anganayo. Kutshintshiselwano ubunini kwisabelo Umlimi sithembiso okanye ukuhlawula irente, okanye enze serfdom rhoqo. kwilali ephakathi kunye nabemi bayo zazisoloko enxulumene ngokupheleleyo kunye feudal yesivumelwano precarium (ngokoqobo "ngokwesicelo"). Sebenzisa anikwe iminyaka embalwa okanye ubomi.

Ukuba ekuqaleni umlimi wazifumana yedwa ezweni ngokweNkosi feudal okanye ibandla, ngoko ekuhambeni kwexesha ngenxa ukudinwa, walahlekelwa inkululeko. Inkqubo kubukhoboka yi ngenxa imeko yezoqoqosho inzima, nto ithe ngenxa kwilali ephakathi kunye nabemi bayo.

Amandla abanini ezinkulu

Na olusizana, owaba nako ukuhlawula lonke ityala kuNdikhoyo feudal, bangena ebukhobokeni ngokunxulumene otyalwayo, kwaye eneneni yaba kwekhoboka. Lilonke, oku kwakhokelela ekubeni uqoqosho kwilizwe eliphangaleleyo ngamacala omabini ukufunxa ezincinane. Le nkqubo kwakhona lula luhlumo impembelelo feudal yezopolitiko. Ngenxa xi enkulu kwezibonelelo baba elizimeleyo kukumkani, yaye bakwazi ukwenza ezweni labo abakufunayo, kungakhathaliseki imithetho. Okukhona abalimi eliphakathi baba exhomekeke izinduna, ngokuqina Wakhula ngamandla yokugqibela.

Ababephila nabalimi kumaXesha Aphakathi, ngokufuthi wayexhomekeke kwakhona okusesikweni. Olu hlobo lwamandla nayo ezandleni izinduna (ilizwe labo). Ukumkani kubhengeza umzimba esinamandla Duke, ukuze kungqubana nayo. neenkosi ekhethwayo into ngaphandle ngokubhekiselele kwigunya ngundoqo kugweba nabalimi zabo (ngamanye amagama, nempahla yabo).

Okukwazi banelungelo umnini inkulu ukuyithatha zonke iirisithi ukuba waya zengcebo isithsaba (izohlwayo enkundla, iirhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo). Kwakhona waba yinkokeli wamajoni feudal abalimi kunye namajoni, leyo eyayiqokelelwe ebudeni bemfazwe.

Lo ngumsebenzi anikezwe uKumkani, yaba uyilo olusesikweni kuphela kwenkqubo, inxalenye obeyindoda nobunini mhlaba feudal. abanini ezinkulu ziye aphantsi amalungelo abo elide phambi kokuba kokufumana imvume kukumkani. Okukwazi wanikela umyalelo osemthethweni wathabatha apho ubomi abalimi.

ngezinto zezindlu zooyise

Phambi kwabakho inguquko kwicandelo loshishino core ubudlelwane umhlaba eNtshona Yurophu yaba kwindawo esemaphandleni. Njengoko babenjalo ngokuba ngamagama. Uluntu baphila ngokukhululekileyo, kodwa Ekuveleni VIII kunye IX iinkulungwane, baya khona. Endaweni yazo beza fiefdoms iingangamsha ezinamandla, ezifake kwinqaba eluntwini.

Babekwazi kwahluka kakhulu isakhiwo sayo, kuxhomekeka mmandla. Umzekelo, kumantla eFransi, amakhulu omhlaba ziye zasasazwa, eziquka neelali eziliqela. Kumaphondo akumazantsi imeko jikelele yoluntu ephakathi amakhosi kwilali babehlala nempahla ezincinane, leyo kuncitshiswa ikwiimitha elinesibini. Eli candelo kwimimandla yaseYurophu wahlala, kwaqhubeka de yokusilela kwenkqubo feudal.

Indlela emayenziwe ngayo ngezinto zezindlu zooyise

Classical ngezinto zezindlu zooyise waba zahlulo ezimbini. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba domain umninindlu, apho abalimi asebenza iintsuku ngokungqongqo ethile, ukukhonza umsebenzi wayo. Inxalenye lesibini kwiiyadi abahlali basemaphandleni, ngenxa apho baba kuxhomekeke inkosi feudal.

Yokwaphuka abalimi ngokuyimfuneko asetyenziswe Manor, leyo, njengokuba umthetho, yaba liziko ngamafa kunye Manor isabelo. Sahlanganisa ikhaya kunye umyezo, ngomhla apho bekukho ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo izakhiwo, imiyezo, amabhoma, nezidiliya (ukuba kuyavumeleka kwemozulu). Kwakhona sasebenza apha iingcibi Manor, ngaphandle apho kungekho mhlaba nako ukuyenza. KaZuma kwakhona rhoqo ube lokusila kunye nebandla. Konke oku yayigqalwa ipropati kaNdikhoyo feudal. Yintoni balidla abalimi bamandulo, oko kwiziza zabo, nto leyo zibekwe iziza intermingled-mhlaba.

abasebenzi kuya emaphandleni kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze kwiindawo kaNdikhoyo feudal kunye inventri wakho, kwakunye kufanelekile apha imfuyo yabo. Ngaphantsi asetyenziswa njalo Singamakhoboka yokwenene (lo maleko kwezentlalo ogonyo mncinci kakhulu ngobukhulu).

Iziza abalimi kwicala olimekayo ecaleni kunye nabanye. Kwakufuneka ukuba basebenzise umhlaba ofanayo amadlelo (eli siko liye wahlala kunye nexesha noluntu free). Ubomi yale ngokubambisana iye kulawulwa yi indibano lali. Kuye usihlalo wayo usodolophu, othe wonyulelwa ukuba uNdikhoyo feudal.

kwezolimo ingakumbi yokuhamba

Xa indawo awazalelwa kuyo okhoyo ukulimela. Oku kwakubangelwa kuphuhliso esezantsi imikhosi bahlala emaphandleni. Ukongeza, kwidolophana qheke zabasebenzi phakathi abalimi kunye namagcisa ukuba akwazi ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo. uye wabonakala okt wobugcisa kunye nekhaya umsebenzi isiphumo icala lezolimo.

amafama axhomekeke kunye namagcisa ezinikiweyo inkosi iimpahla ezahlukeneyo, izihlangu, kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko. Yintoni ekuveliseni azalelwa kuyo, kuba inxenye emininzi iye yasetyenziswa ukuze kubamba eyadini kwaye neze ngumnini ngayo ngamakhoboka.

trade Sasungulwa

Ukungabikho ejikeleza yempahla nithiywe zorhwebo. Noko ke, kuphosakele bathi ukuba ayikho kwaphela, kwaye abalimi abazange bathathe inxaxheba kuyo. Kwakukho iimarike, imiboniso yezorhwebo, kwakunye lokuhamba imali. Noko ke, yonke loo nto kuchaphazela ubomi ezilalini kunye nempahla. Abalimi akukho ndlela yokuba ubukho ozimeleyo, kunye norhwebo ababuthathaka akwazi ukubanceda ahlawule elo izinduna.

Iinzuzo evela urhwebo, bathenga kule lali, abazange bakwazi ukuvelisa ngokwabo. Iinkosi wobukhosi wayithenga ityuwa, izixhobo, kwakunye nobunewunewu athile ukuba abuyise abarhwebi abavela kumazwe aphesheya. Abahlali kwezi ntengiselwano azizange inxaxheba. Okt urhwebo kuphela ukwanelisa iminqweno neemfuno eliphucukileyo emxinwa yoluntu, nto leyo nemali engaphezulu.

Sasungulwa khalaza

Ababephila nabalimi kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakuxhomekeke kubungakanani okubafaneleyo, nto leyo ihlawulwe kuNdikhoyo feudal. Amaninzi, kwanika ngo-hlobo. Isenokuba ingqolowa, umgubo, ibhiya, iwayini, iinkukhu, amaqanda okanye ngezandla.

Nokungalali zeentsalela impahla yabangela abalimi baqhankqalaze. Waba luboniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu belali babaleka babebacinezela okanye ifilimu zaqalwa ezinkulu. eziqhubekayo umlimi, ixesha ngalinye woyiswa ngenxa spontaneity, lokwahlulwa nokunqongophala mbutho. Kwangaxeshanye, bade kwakhokelela yokuba ukuba izinduna bazama ukulungisa isixa umsebenzi ukuba bayeke ukukhula kwabo nokwandisa ukunganeliseki phakathi ngamakhoboka.

Ukwala yonxulumano wobukhosi

Imbali abalimi kumaXesha Aphakathi - kukumelana rhoqo kunye nabanini ezinkulu, abanezimo impumelelo. Ezi ubudlelwane zibonakele eYurophu kwi kumabhodlo oluntu yamandulo, apho kukho ngukumkani ubukhoboka zoqobo, wavakalisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo uBukhosi baseRoma.

Ukwala kwenkqubo feudal kunye amakhoboka abalimi yenzeka mihla. Yena negalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho (kushishino ukukhanya kakhulu), inkqubo yoqoqosho yezoshishino kwaye imfuduko kwiidolophu. Kwakhona kwi kumaXesha Aphakathi namaxesha mihla kwakufika ithuba mazwi humanistic wabagagamela eYurophu, wawabekayo inkululeko ngamnye emantloko bonke abanye.