Ekoyiswa Genghis Khan. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe ebukumkanini Genghis Khan. hambo Genghis Khan ukuba iRussia

Kwikota yokuqala ka zeziganeko izityebi ngembali babeziindleko ngenkulungwane XIII evela eSiberia ukuya kumantla Iran Azov sabhengezwa nakhala amahashe abahlaseli ezininzi, baphuma ezinzulwini emaqeleni Mongolian. Baphila ukuba ubungqondi ezimbi kwexesha endala - le moyisi ezinenkalipho Genghis Khan kunye koyisa iintlanga.

Nyana hero Esugeya

Temujin - ukuze ekuzalweni igama Genghis Khan, umlawuli wangomso Mongolia kunye nomntla China - wazalelwa a boldog encinane iphecana delüün, kwela ngasechwebeni kwi Onon River. Yena unyana inkosi yendawo Esugeya avulekile, wamzalela kunjalo isihloko Bahadar, gama elo elithetha "igorha." Ezo ngesiqu wamkela uloyiso lwakhe phezu inkokeli Tatar Tmudzhinom-Ugra. Xa imfazwe ukungqina ukuba umdlali sakhe ngubani na oya kuthi, abathinjiweyo lakhe, yena kunye namanye amaxhoba wayithimba Oelun umfazi wakhe, kweenyanga ezisithoba kamva owaba unina Temujin.

Umhla ngqo kwesi siganeko siza kuchaphazela indlela yembali yehlabathi, akukho ezithile, kodwa mhlawumbi nangoku ingqalelo ngo 1155. Malunga nendlela wachitha iminyaka yakhe yokuqala, naye akazange asinde ulwazi oluthembekileyo, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba ekuqaleni kweminyaka elithoba Yesugei kwenye izizwe asebumelwaneni yayimisela unyana wayo igama lomtshakazi Borte. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokobuqu, ukuba isuti kuba yaphela kalusizi kakhulu endleleni yakhe emva kwakhe wadliswa AmaTatar, lowo yena nonyana wakhe bahlala ubusuku.

Iminyaka-hamba kunye nosizi

Ndisemncinane ukuyilwa Genghis Khan kwenzeka kusemnandi somzabalazo labanobungqwangangqwili ukusinda. Akufane abantu bakhe wafunda ukufa Esugaja njengoko ndabagxothayo lesimo yi umhlolokazi yakhe (kwi hero kakubi-lombutho ukuba abafazi ababini) kunye nabantwana (kwakhona nokushiye eninzi), thatha yonke impahla eseleyo kwi emathafeni. usapho abaziinkedama iminyaka embalwa iyadinga, ukuba yayisecicini yindlala.

Iminyaka Yokuqala Genghis Khan (Temujin) ehambelana ixesha xa emaqeleni, yaba ikhaya kwiinkokeli zesizwe yasekuhlaleni wayonwabile umzabalazo komsindo igunya, injongo leyo yaba ngaphantsi kwe-mbuya eseleyo. Enye yezi abaviwa - intloko wesizwe taychiutov Tarqutai-Kiriltuh (a isalamane esikude kayise) nokuba wathimba umfana, wabona kuye a umchasi elizayo, yaye ixesha elide zigcinwe iibhloko zomthi.

Inoboya, sijike ibali kwezizwe

Kodwa isiphelo wayeza pha inkululeko kwabakhonkxiweyo oselula wakwazi ukukhohlisa kubathuthumbisi yakhe ukwahlukana. Ngeli xesha, ukoyisa yokuqala Genghis Khan. Ukufumanisa ukuba intliziyo ibhodi ubuhle oselula - wazibiza umtshakazi. To Temujin lakhe, sasinda once mahala. Umngqibi, kunye nentwana ye pads kwi ezihlahleni, waba umkhwenyana umona, kodwa ngaba kunokwenzeka ukudida intliziyo sentombazana?

Njengokuba uyise ikhazi Borte kaThixo wamnika ingubo unyana wakhe-in eqaqambileyo Sable, leyo, nangona kubonakala emangalisayo, waqalisa onyuka koyisa elizayo laseAsiya. Kuba isilingo ukubonisa e oboya imali eninzi, kodwa Temujin abakhetha ngenye ukulahla isipho yomtshato.

Naye, waya enamandla kakhulu ngelo inkokeli xesha emathafeni - intloko wesizwe Kerayit Toorilu Khan useze kwaye ukuba ixabiso lakhe kuphela, hayi Ilibale ukuba amkhaphe isipho efanelekileyo isihlandlo ukunconywa. Eli nyathelo kwakuyinto imboni. Evinjwa zangaphantsi, Temujin wayegcine umxhasi enamandla, xa ubuhlobo eyaqala koyisa uhambo.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Ngenkxaso qinile sizana efana Toora Khan waqalisa ukoyisa edume Genghis Khan. Itheyibhile esigxininisa nqaku libonisa kuphela eyona idumileyo, ebe ebonakalayo ngokwembali. Kodwa akaba bekungazi kwenzeka ngaphandle ukuwina a iimfazwe encinane, yobulali kuvule indlela yokuba kuye udumo kwihlabathi.

Ukusebenzisa angabamelwane abahlali ulus, wazama ukuba baphalaze igazi ngaphantsi usindise ubomi iintshaba zabo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kwenziwa ngenxa zobuntu, leyo yayintsha abemi emaqeleni, yaye ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukutsala wamoyisa ecaleni lakhe waza ngenxa ukuba zijoyine yomkhosi wakhe. Ngokuzithandela nayo kuye nokors - abasemzini Abaxhobele ukukhonza ukuba isabelo-chola amaxhoba kumaphulo kwimveliso.

Noko ke, kwiminyaka yokuqala Genghis Khan idla labasibekela kunye miscalculation ikudika. Ngenye imini waya kuhlasela elilandelayo, eshiya iinkampu zabo eziyimfihlo. Oku bazuza Markit isizwe, ogama amaqhawe lingekho-mkhosi wahlasela impahla ziphangwe, kususwa kuye bonke abafazi, kuquka umfazi wakhe amthandayo Bothe. Kuphela ngoncedo efanayo Toora Khan Temujin waphumelela ukuze koyiswe Merkit abuye ethembekile yakhe.

Uloyiso phezu Tartars kunye ekuthatheni Eastern Mongolia

kokoyiswa nganye entsha Genghis Khan waphakamisa udumo lwakhe phakathi abasemathanga emathafeni kunye nezigqibo kwiqela labalawuli ezinkulu kulo mmandla. Phantse ngo-1186 wadala ulus kwakhe - uhlobo karhulumente feudal. Ucukene ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla, Wammisa phezu intsimi owayamileyo ngokungqongqo esicaciswe nkqo amandla, apho zonke izithuba ezingundoqo ezaziqhutywa cishe.

Ekubulaleni AmaTatar waba ngomnye ngokuphumelela ibalulekileyo, nto leyo lwaqala ekoyiswa Genghis Khan. Itheyibhile esigxininisa nqaku libhekisela kwesi siganeko ngo-1200, kodwa uthotho ukungqubana axhobileyo yaqala emva kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi koko. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII i AmaTatar abanamava amaxesha kunzima. neengqili zabo rhoqo yahlaselwa utshaba olunamandla kwaye yingozi - abendlu ka-abalawuli Chinese ka Jin Dynasty.

Ukuxhaphaza eli, Temujin wajoyina imikhosi Jin kunye nabo wahlasela notshaba. Kulo mzekelo, eyona njongo yabo iphambili yaba ukuba gesi, apho babesiya kunye amaTshayina, kwaye buthathaka AmaTatar, ngubani na kubo ome indlela yakhe eya ukongamela ningakruthakrutheki emaqeleni. Ukufeza le ezinqwenelekayo, yena ubuchule phantse yonke indawo kwimpuma Mongolia, abe umlawuli walo epheleleyo, njengoko ifuthe Jin ubukhosi kuloo mmandla buthathaka kakhulu.

Conquest of the Trans-zamanzi Territory

It is a umnikelo kuphela italente qhinga Temujin, kodwa ubuchule bakhe ozakuzo. Ngobuchule ukuxhaphaza neyelenqe iinkokheli zesizwe, wayesoloko wayalela intiyo yabo kwicala elihle kuye. Xa engena imifela neentshaba izolo kunye ngobuqhophololo ukuhlasela abahlobo kutshanje, wayesoloko wayesazi ukuba abe winner.

Emva eloyisile AmaTatar ngo-1202 baqala iphulo ngxwaba Genghis Khan kwi Trans-izimvu Territory, apho usendle enkulu zezizwe bahlala Tayichi'ut. Kwakungekho uhambo lula kwelinye amadabi Khan waba ngokuyingozi ababuleweyo lutshaba notolo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle okuthinjiweyo abazizityebi wazisa Khan ukuzithemba, njengoko uloyiso yedwa, ngaphandle kwenkxaso namahlakani.

Kwisihloko se-Khan Enkulu, kunye iseti "akafanele" imithetho

Minyaka mihlanu izayo ibe nokuqhubeka kuloyisa kwezizwe ezininzi abahlala kummandla Mongolia. Ukusuka uloyiso uloyiso ukwandisa amandla akhe naqhama umkhosi, agcwaliswa abachasi watshintshela inkonzo yayo izolo kaThixo. Xa kwentwasahlobo 1206 Temujin owamiswayo Khan Great ngokuyinika kuye isihloko liphezulu "Kagan" kunye negama Chingiz (koyisa yamanzi), naye wangena ezimbalini zehlabathi.

Iminyaka wobukumkani Genghis Khan yaba ixesha xa lonke ubomi babantu phantsi kwakhe zilawulwa ineenkcukacha imithetho yabo, kukho iqela elibizwa ngokuthi 'akafanele ". Eyona ndawo iphambili lithathe inqaku emisela amalungiselelo uncedo olubanzi mutual kweli phulo, naphantsi kwenhlawulo owalela nkohliso Ndakholosa nantoni yabantu.

Exakayo, ngokunxulumene nemithetho Isiqingatha-igqugqisa lo mlawuli, omnye ezintle aphezulu ukunyaniseka kwakujongwa zazibonakala malunga nobukhosi bakhe utshaba. Umzekelo, ibanjwa wenqaba ukulahla inkosi yakhe yangaphambili, yayigqalwa ufanelwe ngentlonipho ngokuzithandela bamkelwe emkhosini.

Ukomeleza nkqo igunya kule iminyaka yobomi Genghis Khan nangoku phantsi labantu bayo ulawulo yahlulwe (tumens) ezingamawaka alishumi, bamawaka nabamakhulu. Ngentla nganye amaqela waphakamisa intloko intloko (ngokoqobo) linoxanduva ukunyaniseka angaphantsi kwakhe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba sihlale ngaphantsi olungqongqo inani elikhulu labantu.

Bonke abantu abadala kunye umntu esempilweni njengento njengegorha, kwaye sanyanzeleka ukuba bathathe izikhali uphawu lokuqala. Ngokubanzi, ngelo xesha umkhosi Genghis Khan wayemalunga 95 lamawaka. Man ethungelanayo ingqeqesho yentsimbi. Ngokungeva nakancane okanye ubugwala wabonakalisa edabini, sono silingenwe kukufa.

ngendlela entsha loloyiso

Ngowe-1211 phantse eloyisile Genghis Khan abantu abangabemi izimvu kunye eSiberia. Kuzo zonke iimbombo kule ndawo enkulukazi bathontelana ukuya kwakhe emnika imirhumo. Kodwa umphefumlo wakhe ekucamngceni akafumani kuphumla. Ngaphambi kwaba North China - ilizwe apho umlawuli kanye yamnceda litshitshiswe nangezinto esomelela ngakumbi, banyukele kwinqanaba elitsha amandla.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine phambi kokuqala kwephulo Chinese, efuna ukufumana indlela ukulandela amajoni ayo, Genghis Khan woyisa wayitshabalalisa ubukumkani Tangut of Xi xia. Ehlotyeni 1213 yena ukulawula ukufaka inqaba babugubungela elingaphesheya Great Wall of China, ahlasela Jin State. iphulo yakhe olukhawulezileyo owoyisileyo. Bamangaliswa, abaninzi sixeko kwiNgxowa ngaphandle umlo, kwaye inani leenkokheli zomkhosi Chinese bahlangene zabahlaseli.

iBhabhiloni Xa North China, Genghis Khan wafudukela imikhosi yakhe Central Asia, apho nazo lucky. Ukuba babeziindleko enkulu yoyiswa, weza Samarkand, apho waqhubeka nendlela yakhe, ngokuphumelela umdlalo we North of Iran yaye zaseCaucasus.

hambo Genghis Khan ukuba iRussia

Subutai and Jebe - kuba ukoyisa zamazwe Slavic kunyaka 1221-1224, Genghis Khan, ezimbini engemveleli wakhe kakhulu onamava wathunyelwa. Ekubeni awela Dnieper, ehlasela i Kievan Rus kwi intloko yomkhosi ezininzi. Bengathembeli ngokwayo soyisa utshaba, abalawuli Russian umfelandawonye kunye iintshaba zakhe - Polovtsy.

Idabi senzeka ngoMeyi 31, 1223 xa kuLwandle Azov, kwi Kalka River. Yaphela ngokoyiswa ezaxhobela Russian-Polovtsian. Isizathu sokuba ukungaphumeleli mbali ezininzi jonga ikratshi amanene Mstislav Udatnogo, abo bayiwelayo umlambo baza kulwa de imikhosi eziphambili. Prince Umnqweno ukumelana notshaba wajika ekufeni kwakhe kunye nokufa ezinye iirhuluneli ezininzi. Loo yintlekele ngenxa abavikeli komjikelo labo ka Genghis Khan wajika eRashiya. Kodwa phambi kwabo ekhangela uvavanyo kusichaphazela ngakumbi.

ukoyisa Last of Genghis Khan

Wafa umnqobi Asia ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1227 ngexesha lephulo yakhe yesibini nxamnye ngobume Xi xia. Ngakumbi ebusika waqalisa nasekuxinweni eyinkunzi wayo - Zhongxin, ediniwe imikhosi abavikeli umzi, alungiselela ukuthatha adele. Yaba ukoyisa yokugqibela Genghis Khan. Ngesiquphe, waziva abakhohlakeleyo yokusebenza, kwaye ixesha elifutshane wafa kamva. Hayi ngaphandle amathuba yityhefu, abaphandi bayiqonda ukubona unobangela wokufa kubunzima okubangelwa kukwenzakala ifunyenwe nje phambi kokuwa ukusuka lihashe lakhe.

Indawo ngqo zokungcwaba ye Khan Great eyaziwa ngokuba angaziwa kunye nomhla ngokwawo ngeyure yayo yokugqibela. E Mongolia, apho kwake ibekwe iphecana delüün boldog, othe legend wazalelwa Genghis Khan, namhlanje uzimisele wamisa lesikhumbuzo njengentlonipho yokumbulela.