Uphi na Kalka (emlanjeni)? Battle of the Kalka River

Rich neziganeko ezinkulu zembali umhlaba Zaporozhye. Kolunye kuzo siya kuhlala. Le mfazwe yokuqala okulwa Russian ne-Tatar-Mongols. Unyaka we-Battle of the Kalka River - 1223 ngenyanga nganye - May. Yinto ingqalelo indawo esekwe kakuhle apho kwenzeka. Kwakusazeka kuphela yemihla yintoni umlambo Kalka.

Kodwa apho kuyimfuneko azele umlambo endaweni elulwalwa, apho kwakukho inkampu ekulweni Mstislav Romanovich, nguMthetheli Kiev,? Ngolangazelelo wayefuna impendulo yalo mbuzo Zaporozhye mbali ezifana Arkhipkin kunye Shovkun. uphando Umphumela uye iziphumo kunye nokucingela achazwe ngokufutshane kweli nqaku. Emva kokuyifunda, uya kufunda apho umlambo Kalka, ngokwezo abaphandi.

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye iziganeko owandulela idabi

izikhulu Russian, njengoko batshovo encwadini yeembali wamnceda Polovtsy kumzabalazo wabo kunye AmaTatar, yaqokelelwa kwi Dnieper imikhosi yayo kwi izibuko Protolche, ukususela Khortytsya Island. Ukwahlukana ngeli xesha imikhosi eziyintloko Mongols, regiments Russian waya emathafeni, ukulwela layohlala. kwiintsuku ezisibhozo kamva, bafika kwindawo apho umlambo Kalka. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho imikhosi eziyintloko Mongols. Kungenxa kule ndawo (umlambo Kalka) zamisa idabi odumileyo.

Ngokuhlaselwa ngesiquphe le Mongols

Ngokutsho owesine Novgorod kwaye i Laurentian Chronicle, ayehlasela Mongols eRashiya oko engalindelekanga. Nje abazi ngexesha chroniclers Russian ukuba i-30 amawaka abantu Genghis Khan (imikhosi Subedi-Baghaturia kunye Jebe Noyon) yawujikeleza ulwandle lweCaspian ukuya ezantsi, isixeko echithiwe Shamakhi, wathabatha Derbent.

Ukufudukela ke ukuya emntla-ntshona, bamisa amabutho ahlangene Polovtsy kunye Alans. umkhosi Polovtsian phantsi umyalelo unyana wakhe Konchak Hana Yuriya, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baleka Dnieper ngaselwandle Azov. Phezu kodonga lasekunene inxalenye wawela kuyo, benoYoshuwa ekuthinjweni Kotyan, Polovtsian Khan. Enye inxalenye wabalekiselwa eCrimea, kummandla wasempumalanga, apho wangena Tatar-Mongols emva Polovtsy. inqaba apha, ngowe-1223, ngoJanuwari, bawonakalisile Surozh (namhlanje Sudak).

Isigqibo ecwangcisiweyo iinkosana Russian

Kulo nyaka, entwasahlobo ekuqaleni, Mstislav isuswe e galich ukunceda Kotyan waphuthumisa. abathetheli Russian xa isindululo Mstislav bahlanganisana eKiev iingcebiso. Kwagqitywa ukuba behle Dnieper, phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo, badlula ngexesha elifanayo kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo, ezagcwaliswa ngeli xesha amanzi kuzo, nto leyo kwaphazanyiswa kakhulu intshukumo. Emva koko ke hambo ngokukhawuleza inkqubela womisa ngaphandle emaqeleni kumazantsi ukufikelela shaft Polovtsian (okt Perekopa), nto leyo ndikunike ilizwe idabi belo Tatar-Mongols.

ekuhlangabezaneni

Kodwa ke iinkokheli ohlangeneyo embambanweni wobukhosi hayi kwi Kipchak namabutho Russian. Bafudukela kwisiqithi Khortytsya ekwanti. iindlela Spring ibambezele nabaphumi-iinkosana wasentla. Russ e Khortitsa, wadibana emva kokuba AmaTatar bazixhela yokugqibela yaye wafudukela kodonga lasekunene ngomfula. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi ukufikelela kuphela ukuya ku Oleshi apho sele balinda Tatar-Mongols.

Kwelisezantsi, ilizwe ezingekomiswa ngokukhawuleza, enika utshaba amajoni ithuba uphume eCrimea, uze ngapha emathafeni Polovtsian ukuya emantla kunye nemikhosi eziphambili ezibekwe phambi kokufika imikhosi Russian phezu kodonga lasekunene Kalka. Esi sicwangciso eyayivunywe ngokusemthethweni libhunga wabathetheli (ukuba alwe kwilizwe lasemzini), Kanjalo azinakuthintelwa.

Mstislav the Bold, galich prince, ngaphandle isilumkiso intetho yakhe enye, awela umlambo Kalka kunye Polovtsy waza waqalisa imfazwe kunye Tartars. Ndiyibhukuqe Ukuhlasela yotshaba Cumans lweMedia.

amabutho Reflection kuhlasela Mstislav Romanovich

Kwaqeqeshwa Mstislav Romanovich ngokukhawuleza kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwakha iinqaba ngeenxa kweminquba yabo alwa iintsuku ezintathu uhlaselo yotshaba. Yambethe isixhobo melee (iiklabhu namazembe) amajoni Russian kwabona ilahleko enkulu phezu Mongols. Yena wabulawa, ingakumbi, Tossuk, unyana omdala Genghis Khan (umfanekiso wokugqibela eboniswe ngezantsi), Batu uyise.

Inxalenye Kalka Mongols ihlala

AmaTatar ngosuku lwesithathu akuphumelelanga idabi Russian wacela ukuba enze uxolo, kodwa bona ngokwabo aphula ngayo. Ukwenza kube lula, ngokutsho kwisivumelwano, imikhosi Russian ukuya eRashiya, baza bahlasela abalindi, uqhebeke Dnieper, yagaleleka abaninzi. Mstislav the Bold, awela umlambo kunye yokutyiwa yomkhosi wakhe, wayalela ukuba angawutshisi amaphenyane. Ukushiya e Kalka kwindawo kweminquba lwedabi ne-chola amaxhoba entle eCrimea, kwakunye nokors abagulayo ababuleweyo nangezinto ezintathu olindelwe Tumen waya emantla ngaphaya kodonga lasekhohlo Dnieper River.

Kalka - umlambo, nayo leyo wahlala yinxalenye imikhosi Russian, ngubani wazimela ityholo ezimkhuthuka, ivaleke ukuze mahashe. Ukubandezeleka ilahleko enkulu xa badibana ukumelana bungwanyalala, i AmaTatar bakwazi ukufumana ku Pereiaslav. Noko ke, ngequbuliso babuya umva, xa ku eKiev, injongo ephambili phezu emnyango.

Imibono malunga nalapho Kalka waba

Yaziwa ngokubanzi babekholelwa ukuba imfazwe kwi Kalka River yenzeka ekuthiwa-Stone Grave. Le ise kummandla seDonetsk of Ukraine, kwiikhilomitha ezi-5 kumzantsi Rozovka. Kwakhona, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba Kalka - umlambo, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba ekungeneni Kalmius (Kalchyk umlambo).

Kodwa ke kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba Buze ukusuka Crimea, kwaye xa babehamba ukuya emantla, i-Tatar-Mongols ukusuka Olesha wajika e emathafeni Polovtsian, bayangcungcutheka kubo, ukwenzela ukulungiselela ukuba imfazwe kunye amajoni Russian xa kukho ukuncipha omlambo emathafeni. Akuthandeki ukuba uza ngaphaya kodonga lasekunene Dnieper phantsi amajoni Russian awela Olesha bafudukela ekhohlo ngaphandle impahla kwi emathafeni kwiinkqubo ngeenyawo.

Ukongeza, uhlalutyo amagama yamandulo emilambo ezahlukeneyo kwakhokelela ingcamango yokuba Kalka (umlambo) i Ngokukhutshelwa mandulo Slavic ngamagama Kalkan-Su (Polovtsian), elithetha inguqulelo "Water Shield". She Tatar wabiza IOL Keynes, gama elo elithetha "amanzi ihashe".

Yuan, a umkhumbuzi amaTshayina lwe ngenkulungwane ye-13, wabhala ukuba imfazwe kunye Tatar-Mongol amajoni Russian kwenzeka kufuphi nomlambo A-Do-gi. Xa inguqulelo ngokoqobo lithetha "ihashe-yamanzi." Oko kukuthi, oko kuthathwa ukuba Conca ngoku i Kalka umlambo twisiseka kakhulu, izinto ezo ezenzeka idabi odumileyo. A entabeni eliphuma elunxwemeni ekunene, neekhilomitha ezimbini ukusuka kwidolophana Yulevki - efanayo "indawo kamyanisto".

Iziphumo exela ukuba imfazwe kwi Kalka inokuba kufuphi emzaneni Yulevka

Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga indawo engcono kamu Mstislav Romanovich. uhlala of iinqaba - phezu kwentaba e ekungeneni emxinwa, amatye intaba kwafunyanwa. Mhlawumbi oku kubonisa ukuba kule ndawo kwabakho imfazwe phezu komlambo Kalka.

Kazi ukuba ntaba kwe-ezimilise, okuphakama kweemitha ezingama-40, ububanzi - 160 kwi libanzi kakhulu. "Wesgro sha" liqhagamshelene nemisinga yi "Yibambe ngomsila." ububanzi 8-10 kuphela mitha. Kuyinto usingasiqithi encinane emzantsi nasempuma zihlanjwe amanzi omlambo Conca, bese nasekutshoneni yaye lingqongwe ivaleke Amathafa msebe Gorodysskoy. Local endala namagqala bathi le ntaba Savur-Mohyla. Amaxesha amaninzi ecaleni kwakhe afumane yotolo, iziqwenga zesinyithi umhlwa, yaye omnye wemba phezulu kunxweme ankile yentsimbi. Kwi-12 leemitha ukusuka unyawo, ngomhla kwithambeka elingasemzantsi ngekrele Saur-Mohyla wafunyanwa, kwakunye iintolo ezimbalwa kunye nobhedu itywina kunye nomfanekiso yengonyama.

Namhlanje kuLwandle Kakhovka, ukuya entshona kwebhulorho kaloliwe, olwenziwa yi Konka, umntu uyakwazi ukubona iqela elincinane ziqithi. Bona iintsalela ye Kuchugury Enkulu waphuphuma ndawo.

Imikhondo dolophu ephakathi walondoloza phantse bonke. amagama ahlukeneyo amnike iintlobo zemithombo. Yayibizwa ngokuba ngexesha Battle of the Kalka indlela Samys (igama Turk-Polovtsian), kunye nabantu kule ndawo kuthiwa Slavic Bulgarians. Found apha, kunye ezininzi zesilivere, nobhedu iingqekembe lwamathuba ezahlukeneyo yotolo, izitshixo, izitshixo, stirrups, amaqhekeza zentsimbi chain, umfanekiso ibele yobhedu (icon), intamo-umsesane, iintsalela horse awayezinxibile kunye nezinye izinto ze Kievan Rus.

Kwakhona wafumana izinto zomkhosi izinto nendlu: iingceba yotolo, ngezinkempe, amaxesha FOUND ye-Golden mkhosi. Konke oku kunika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isixeko edibene ekulweni eyabakho kwi Kalka.

Bulgarians encwadini yeembali

Kwiindawo ayenamandla iintshinyela itshixwe owamahashe Tartars, iintsalela eentloko ezaxhobela Russian ndawonye. Xa, emva kokuba hlokondiba idabi wafudukela entla, ndawonye Bulgarians, abahlali Samysa, baza bahlasela inkampu kushiywe Mongols, wayitshabalalisa. Kwi indlela kwidolophu Pereyaslav AmaTatar siye safumana iindaba oku abathunywa.

Eqonda ukuba eKiev ulibize Tumen buthathaka, temniki wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele Kalka ukuba aziphindezelele Ruses kuhlasela ebhegini akuhluthe na ixhoba labo entle eCrimea. In yemihla uyaxelelwa ukuba, nitshintshe, nangezinto waya Bulgarians (1223 Kalka River). Aba bantu baye bamkelwa kwizifundo zakutshanje iVolga Bulgars.

Namhlanje Battle of the Kalka River (1223) kuthathwa mbali njenge sokuhlola qhinga. Noko ke, kananjalo kwabakho ukulwa apho igazi scrapie lobuzalwana abantu ezahlukeneyo Rus yamandulo.

Point of yokungcwaba

Ubukho kwamangcwaba asenokubonisa apho umlambo Kalka kwaye apho site ngqo edabini Polovtsy kunye Mstislav isusiwe. Endleleni eya Komishuvahu, km 7 ukusuka Savur-mogili, kumathambeka lot humps, ogama imvelaphi ayaziwa. Mhlawumbi kule ilele umkhondo ...

Tatar wayitshisa izidumbu ngokwesiko. Iintsalela amaziko amathathu aye alondolozwa kwisiza, nto leyo ekufuphi nalapho. Kulo mhadi ngeendonga elinyukayo sangqa neemitha ezi-3, ubunzulu apho ukuya ku-4. Kwakukho eluthuthwini lamaqhosha ezimbalwa yobhedu. Mhlawumbi ke waxinga emzimbeni bopha le yebhanti okanye boom.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, i-Battle of the Kalka River kwenzeka ngo-1223. Ngelishwa, ebonakalalisa-mbali indawo ngqo abakakwazi wakwazi namhlanje. Noko ke, Uthelekiso imithombo ezibhaliweyo, ngezikhali kwakunye indawo izityholo apho kukho idabi, unika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba imfazwe kwi Kalka - isiganeko kwenzeka ngasechwebeni Conca eminqubeni, iintsalela zazo ngoku kummandla Zaporozhye, kufuphi kwilali Yulevka.

Kwaliwa zaphela ngokoyiswa i Kalka amabutho Russian. Wasinda Mstislav isusiwe. Abafa walimala wabekwa kulo mlo, kuphela isishumi abantu asinda. Kwaye Tatar-Mongols zenzeka phezu komhlaba ukuya Chernigov-Seversky Novgorod onke. Abantu abaziingwanyalala Subedeya kunye Jebe umthetho ezi regiments. Bamthiya le yonke Russian kwaye zokutshabalalisa umendo wayo, ezibangela ukufa nentshabalalo macala onke. Abantu zimbelwe emahlathini ngenxa yokoyika ezi kuhlaselwa, ukuze alondoloze ubuncinane ubomi babo.