Eli ziko-luvo: iimpawu kunye neentlobo

Inkqubo luvo idlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kumzimba, ngokunjalo kumgaqo wayo. Ezi nkqubo yenziwa entsonkothileyo yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba, kubandakanywa i-CNS (inkqubo luvo). Unegama - iziko luvo. Izinto zobumnini ukuba amagama: occlusion, isiqabu engundoqo, izinga yenguqu. Bona kunye nabanye abambalwa ingqwalasela kweli nqaku.

Ingcamango kweziko-luvo kunye neempawu zayo

Ngaphambili, siye umfumene lo msebenzi ungundoqo we-nervous system - Ukuhlanganisa. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ubume ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. Umzekelo, iziko luvo sokuphefumla sikabani iipropati - innervation yokuphefumla (inspiratory kunye expiratory). Le ibekwe kwi ventricle yesine, ukwakheka reticular (Medulla Oblongata). Ngokutsho uphando uN A. Mislavskogo, le nkqubo ibandakanya iindawo abekwe uxanduva inhalation kunye nomphunga.

Kwindawo eliphezulu pnevmotaksichesky Pons siyahlukana, elawula iindawo echazwe kunye nezakhiwo yobuchopho onoxanduva iintshukumo zemiphunga. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu ngokubanzi lamaziko-luvo zinika ulawulo imisebenzi komzimba lomzimba: Umsebenzi sentliziyo, zinomgutyulo, nokuphefumla kunye ekugayeni.

Imfundiso eyendawo olutshintshayo kwemisebenzi I. P. Pavlova

Ngokutsho ingqiqo sisazinzulu, izenzo kunokuba elula reflex bakulo uthinte kwaye umnqonqo zone zokubhala. iinkqubo Complex ezifana inkumbulo, ulwimi, ukucinga, ezinxulumene neendawo ezithile zobuchopho kwaye ziziphumo imisebenzi ezimanyanisayo ezininzi iindawo zakhe. Iimpawu komzimba lamaziko-luvo aze abangele ukuyilwa ngeenkqubo ezisisiseko umsebenzi ngaphezulu luvo. Xa neuroscience, ukusuka kwindawo yokwakheka lwembono, iinxalenye kwenkqubo luvo, eziquka iinxalenye afferent kunye efferent luvo leyo eyaziwa ngokuba kumaziko luvo. Bona ingqalelo sisazinzulu Russian P. K. Anohin benza iinkqubo ezisebenzayo (luvo umbutho ukuba enze imisebenzi efana nabanako efumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo inkqubo luvo).

zokukhanya excitation

Ukuqhubeka ukufunda iimpawu ezingundoqo amaziko luvo ngohlobo stop andise iinkqubo ezimbini ezinkulu ukuba kwenzeka inwebu luvo - le excitation kunye inhibition. Ibizwa ngokuba zokukhanya. Ukuba amandla isivuseleli kunye nexesha lokuba semthethweni inkqubela-luvo enkulu diverge neurocytes-zakho iimpahla zakhe zokutyhomfa, kwakunye iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Xa zizonke i afferent kunye efferent neurocytes, ibangela ukuqhubeka ajike reflex.

Cinga inhibition (njengoko impahla amaziko imithambo-luvo) ngokweenkcukacha. kumiswa Reticular zobuchopho inika zombini zokukhanya kunye nezinye iimpawu lamaziko-luvo. Physiology lichaza izizathu zokulawula okanye ukunqanda ukusasazeka excitation. Umzekelo, ubukho leesynapse inhibitory kunye neurocytes. Ezi zithinteli kufuneka imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokhuselo, oku kunciphisa amathuba overdriving zihlunu skeletal ekwaziyo ukuba ezikwimeko spasmodic.

Emva kokuqwalasela lo zokukhanya excitation, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula ifitsha ilandelayo ngokwentshukumisa-luvo. Ihamba kuphela centripetal ukuya neuron centrifugal (ngokuba dvuhneyronnoy, arc reflex). Ukuba reflex kuyantsonkotha, ubuchopho okanye umnqonqo interneurons kwakheka - iiseli zemithambo-luvo eyodwa. Bathatha ubumnandi afferent neurocyte uze kwegciwane enjinini iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Xa leesynapse pulses bioelectric oluthambileyo njengoko zihamba ukusuka inwebu yokuqala presynaptic yeseli-luvo, aya emqhokrweni wengxondorha zobuchopho, kwaye kulo - xa inwebu postsynaptic lomnye neurocyte.

Summation neemvakalelo-luvo

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda iimpawu lamaziko-luvo. Physiology yobuchopho engundoqo kunye umnqonqo, ukuba isebe ibalulekileyo nezintsonkothileyo amayeza, ukufunda Uhanjiso of excitation ngokusebenzisa ingqokelela luvo ukuba enze imisebenzi eqhelekileyo. iimpawu zabo - summation inokuba zexeshana okanye lomhlaba. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, amaza-luvo buthathaka okubangelwa zizinto subliminal adityaniswe (ngamafuphi). Oku kukhokelela ekukhutshweni amaninzi molecule acetylcholine okanye omnye neurotransmitter, elenza amanyathelo isakhono in neurocytes.

rate iinguqu

Eli gama libhekisela utshintsho apha amaza excitation, leyo udlula-luvo nezakhiwo CNS. Phakathi iinkqubo ezenzeka iimpawu lamaziko-luvo - i pulses izinga inguqu ezinokuthi zenzeke ngenxa ukwabiwa excitation ngenxa luvo eziliqela iinkqubo elide indlela isithuba zoqhagamshelwano ngenye nemithambo cell (yenguqu improver). Ukuba kukho neuron olulodwa amandla inyathelo ngenxa summation of excitation amathuba postsynaptic - intetho malunga ukuthoba izinga yenguqu.

Divergence and Ukuhlangabezana excitation

Yokuba iinkqubo ezinxulumeneyo okuluphawu iimpawu lamaziko-luvo. umsebenzi Uququzelelo reflex kubangelwa yinto yokuba neuron ngaxeshanye ifumana pulses kweyahlukeneyo analyzers receptors: ezibonwayo, ubuntununtunu ukuqgiba nolusu-kwezihlunu. Xa iiseli zemithambo-luvo, bona zihlahlelwe ishwankathelwe kule nekhono bioelectric. Abo, yena, kutshintshelwa kwamanye iindawo reticular kobuchopho Ukwakheka. Le nkqubo ebalulekileyo ebizwa ukuhlangabezana.

Noko ke, neuron nganye ifumana zizimvo nje kuphela kwezinye iiseli, kodwa ke iintlobo leesynapse kunye neurocytes asebumelwaneni. Le mba we divergence. Zombini mihlaba zinika ukwanda excitation kwi-CNS. Ngenxa yoko, zizo zonke luvo yobuchopho kunye neeseli umnqonqo ukuba enze imisebenzi eqhelekileyo - liziko luvo, iimpawu apho thina sicinga. Inika ulawulo onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo omzimba womntu.

umsebenzi yangasemva

Iipropati bokuphila amaziko luvo, enye elinxulumene zidityaniswe, ngamanye ukuyilwa kwento imvelaphi yombane pulses iiseli zemithambo-luvo, umzekelo, i-zemiphunga okanye iziko wokudla, ngenxa awohluke yesakhiwo ngokwawo inyama luvo. Kuyinto olukwazi self-isizukulwana iinkqubo bioelectric of excitation nkqu yokungabikho zizinto ezifanelekileyo. Kungenxa divergence kunye kukuhlangana excitation, ingqalelo ngaphambili, neurocytes zifumana iminqweno ezivela kumaziko luvo beqela Relations nemincili postsynaptic efanayo kumiswa reticular zobuchopho.

umsebenzi okuzenzekelayo unokubangwa microdoses acetylcholine ngokufaka neuron ukusuka emqhokrweni wengxondorha zobuchopho. Ukuhlangabezana, divergence, umsebenzi imvelaphi, kunye nezinye iimpawu kweziko-luvo kunye neempawu zabo baxhomekeke ngqo kwi kwinqanaba ukutya kwi neurocytes kunye glia.

Types summation excitation

Babegqalwa ngemisebenzi I. M. Sechenova, owaba ukuba reflex kunokubangela buthathaka (subliminal) zizinto eziliqela, nto leyo edla okwaneleyo kwiziko luvo. Iimpawu zaso, ezizezi yoncedo engundoqo kunye occlusion, kwaye ziya kuqwalaselwa kuthi ngakumbi.

Kunye yashukunyiswa ngaxeshanye iinkqubo centripetal impendulo lingaphezulu sum lokubala eliguqukayo amandla ezintweni osebenza nganye kwezi imicu. Le propati kwaziwa yoncedo engundoqo. Ukuba etyabulayo amanyathelo pessimal, nokuba amandla kunye rhoqo, ebangela ukwehla kwi impendulo - ukuba occlusion. Yeyona uguqulo lonikezelo lwe summation wepropati excitation kwaye kunciphisa amandla neemvakalelo-luvo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu kwamaziko-luvo - isiqabu occlusion central - zixhomekeke isakhiwo izixhobo zobuchopho sakhiwa mnyango zone kunye (central) subthreshold (peripheral), undi.

Ukukhathala ka nyama nervous indima yakhe

I zomzimba lamaziko luvo, inkcazelo, iintlobo kunye neempawu sele bafunda ngaphambili kunye izakhiwo ezendeleyo luvo bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba akazange acinge ukuba into efana ukudinwa. amaziko Nerve ngenkani ukuba acande ngokwayo kuthotho eliqhubekekayo pulses, ngokubonelela iimpawu reflex e-nervous system central. Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo pathways kakhulu yenziwe kumzimba neuron kunye glia apha, kukho zemali inkunkuma eyityhefu metabolic. Ngokonakala igazi ukuya kwizakhiwo luvo kuzakubangela ukuhla umsebenzi wabo ngenxa ukuswela oksijini glucose. Igalelo lakhe kuphuhliso ukudinwa benza amaziko luvo kwakhona abafowunelwa iseli - leesynapse ezinciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhululwa neurotransmitters emqhokrweni zobuchopho.

YeGenesis lamaziko-luvo

Izakhiwo neurocytes ezibekwe kwinkqubo luvo kwaye indima yokulungelelanisa kwi umsebenzi kumzimba, eve utshintsho yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba. Bona awucacise ubuxhakaxhaka imisebenzi nokomzimba nezengqondo ezenzeka kubomi bomntu. Utshintsho ezibaluleke kakhulu echaphazela iimpawu ubudala iimpawu kumaziko luvo, sibona kuphuhliso lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo bipedalism, intetho kunye nokucinga ezahlula Homo sapiens kwamanye amalungu iklasi ezincancisayo. Umzekelo, ukuyilwa yokuthetha kwenzeka kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala yobomi. Ukuba yeMetro oluntsonkothileyo ikhaliphe moya, oko kwenziwa ngokusekelwe zizinto baqonda proprioceptors izihlunu ulwimi, imilebe nezintya nomculo kwingqula kunye nezihlunu zemiphunga. Ekupheleni konyaka wesithathu ubomi bomntwana onke ahlangana ndawonye inkqubo esebenza, ebandakanya uqweqwe lomhlaba libekiwe esisekweni gyrus ngokungqalileyo ophantsi. Kuye ngokuba indawo Wernicke.

Xa ukuyilwa yomsebenzi yokuthetha obandakanyekayo kwaye ndawo gyrus zexeshana superior (centre Wernicke ngayo). Imincili kwi iziphelo zemithambo-luvo izixhobo zentetho kuya injini, amaziko ezibonwayo kunye ekuva le neuron, apho wabumba amaziko intetho.