Izixeko zehlabathi. Megacities

Ukukhula kwenani labantu ezidolophini yenye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo kwiilwimi zesiNtu. Kutsha Imizi inkulu ehlabathini de bahlaliswa kuphela kummandla yaseYurophu kunye impucuko endala of Asia - China, India ne-Japan.

iinkulungwane ezimbini ezidolophini: 1800-2000

De kwinkulungwane XVIII, akukho sixeko bengekafiki umbundu kwesigidi, ngaphandle baseRoma kumaxesha amandulo, ngexesha kuvuthondaba abemi balo ekuthini 1.3 yezigidi zabantu. Ngo-1800 kwakukho omnye kuphela idolophu enabantu ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 - Beijing, yaye ngowe-1900, baye baba 15. Le theyibhile lidwelisa ezilishumi ezinkulu izixeko ehlabathini ngo-1800, 1900 no-2000 kunye uqikelelo ahambelanayo labemi.

Inqanaba 1800 ibonisa ukwehla yezibalo. Phakathi imizi kunezizwana ezilishumi, ezine IsiTshayina (eBeijing, Canton, Hangzhou kunye Suzhou).

Emva kwexesha nezidubedube zezobupolitika ngexesha Qing Dynasty, China lifumanise ixesha elide loxolo ukwanda yezibalo. Ngowe-1800, Beijing yaba sisixeko sokuqala emva eRoma (kwi kwincopho uBukhosi baseRoma), ogama abemi lidlula abantu abazizigidi 1. Wandula ke inani mnye ehlabathini; EConstantinople nasemihleni ukuhla. Ke London apho kunye Paris (yesibini eyesihlanu, ngokulandelelana). Kodwa kuyo kuluhlu lwabadlali ehlabathini libone isithethe zasezidolophini Japanese ukususela Edo (Tokyo) iqala XIX kwinkulungwane kwesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu, kufutshane labemi Paris, kwaye Osaka na top ezilishumi.

Vuka ke Fall of Europe

Ngowe-1900, ukwanda kakhulu kwimpucuko yaseYurophu ibonakale. Imizi ezinkulu zehlabathi (9 of 10) wayevela impucuko yaseNtshona kumacala omabini i-Atlantic (Europe kunye USA). I ezine imimandla inkulu zeenqila China (eBeijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) yanyamalala kuluhlu, ngaloo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuba ukwehla kwe ubukhosi Chinese. Omnye umzekelo parameter nganye yaba eConstantinople. Kwelinye icala, imizi ezifana London okanye eParis, lakhula ngokukhawuleza, phakathi 1800 no-1900, inani layo banda izihlandlo 7-8. Greater London yayiba yabemi million 6.5, oluthe lwagqitha inani yabemi kumazwe afana Sweden okanye Netherlands.

Ukukhula eBerlin okanye New York waba ochukumisa ngakumbi. . Ngowe-1800, New York, kunye nabemi bayo 63 kwenkulungwane na ubungakanani enozinzo, idolophu encinane; ubomi iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci kamva, abemi bayo ligqithisile 4 million. Zemizi-10 ehlabathini, kuphela mnye-eTokyo - kwaba ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokuhlaliswa yaseYurophu.

Imeko yabantu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini imizi emikhulu wehlabathi kuhlala abantu abazizigidi 20 nganye. Tokyo kunjalo andise ku kangangokuba isixeko liye laba agglomeration kakhulu enkulu ehlabathini, elinabemi abantu abazizigidi ezi-5 ladlula inani baseNew York. Sam New York, leyo kudala indawo ephezulu, okwangoku ngomhla wesihlanu ukuba inani labahlali ngabantu malunga nama-24 ezigidi.

Ngoxa ngo-1900 omnye kuphela agglomerations ezilishumi ezinkulu ezidolophini engaphandle kwisigaba baseYurophu, imeko yangoku ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni akukho namnye megalopolis ezilishumi unabantu abaninzi asisiso ukuya kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Imizi elishumi ezinkulu ibekwe eAsia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen kunye New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) kunye Afrika (Lagos). Umzekelo, e Buenos Aires, nto leyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwaba ilali, waya kuloo ndawo th 6 bebonke abaphakathi kwezigidi ezili-11 zabantu 1998.

Ukukhula Iyadubula kubonwa e Seoul, apho inani abahlali kule nkulungwane idluleyo liye landa ngokuphindwe-10. Afrika Sub-Saharan kwesiko ezidolophini kwaye kuphela kanye ekuqaleni kwale nkqubo, kodwa sele kukho kukho multi-million emzini Lagos inabemi kwesigidi sabantu 21.

Malunga 2.8 billion abahlali basezidolophini ngo-2000

Ngowe-1900 10% kuphela earthlings ababehlala kwizixeko. Ngowe-1950 base-29%, kwaye ngo-2000 - 47%. I-urban abemi behlabathi liye landa kakhulu: ukusuka 160 yezigidi ngo-1900 ukuya 735 yezigidi ngo-1950 ukuya 2.8 billion ngo-2000

ukukhula kwedolophu isenzeko iphela. E-Afrika, ubungakanani ezithile zokuhlala kabini yonke leminyaka ukuba umphumo ukukhula iziqhushumbisi kwenani labahlali yokushiywa kakhulu emaphandleni. Ngowe-1950, phantse kuwo onke amazwe kwi sub-Saharan Africa, umyinge yabantu ezidolophini esasingaphantsi kwe-25%. Ngowe-1985, le meko iye yagcinwa kuphela kwindawo yesithathu amazwe, kwaye kumazwe 7 kwinani labemi namandla.

Town and Country

E Latin America, kwelinye icala, ezidolophini kwaqala kudala. Aya kufika kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XX. Abemi ezidolophini isekhona-mbalwa, kuphela bambalwa kakhulu yamazwe ihluphekileyo kuMbindi Merika kunye Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). Kumazwe amaninzi enabantu abaninzi ipesenti yabemi ezidolophini ingqamana abo kumazwe aphuhlileyo le-West (75%).

Imeko e Asia nto ezahlukeneyo. E Pakistan, umzekelo, 2/3 abemi abahlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni; India, China kunye Indonesia - 3/4; e Bangladesh - ngaphezu 4/5. Abahlali kakhulu kugcwele. Uninzi abantu abahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Uyondelelwano lwee- kwabantu ezidolophini anqongophele ukuya kwiindawo ezimbalwa yakuMbindi Mpuma kunye neengingqi zoshishino ka East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Kubonakala ukuba Ubuninzi babantu yasemaphandleni high amagunya yokwambathisa ngoko kuthintela ezidolophini ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ukuvela megacities

abahlali ezidolophini ngcembe ngakumbi nangakumbi kanzulu kwi agglomerations wawumkhulu. Ngowe-1900, inani lemizi labemi abantu abazizigidi 1 phezu wayelingana 17 Phantse bonke ibekwe ngaphakathi kwimpucuko yaseYurophu - kakhulu eYurophu (London, Paris, Berlin), eRashiya (St. Petersburg, eMoscow) okanye isebe layo North American (New NY, Chicago, ePhiladelphia). Ezi nketho kuphela kwizixeko ezimbalwa kunye nembali elide kwamaziko zezopolitiko woshishino lizwe kunye Ubuninzi babantu aphezulu: Tokyo, Beijing, eCalcutta.

Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane kamva, ngowe-1950, i-landscape ezidolophini litshintshile kakhulu. Imizi inkulu kwihlabathi ebeyinalo sphere yaseYurophu, kodwa Tokyo uvukile 7 ukuya kwindawo yesi-4. Kwaye umfuziselo liciko na ukuhla kwe-West ukuwa ka Paris ukusuka 3 ukuya kwindawo 6 (phakathi eShanghai kunye Buenos Aires), kwakunye London nge kwindawo yayo ephambili-1900 ukuya kwinani-11 ngo-1990.

Esi sixeko kunye ematyotyombeni of the World Third

E Latin America yaye ngakumbi e-Afrika, apho ukukhathalela umhlaba waqalisa ngesiquphe, Yimizi ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu. Isantya yophuhliso emibini ukuya kwemithathu amaxesha barhuqe emva umyinge wokukhula koluntu; Isantya ezidolophini ngoku inkalo mandundu: yokunyusa inkqubela zeteknoloji kunye lwamazwe ukunciphisa amandla ukudala amathuba emisebenzi ngokwaneleyo entsha, lo gama izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zonke unikezelo ngonyaka kwimarike yemisebenzi, izigidi abafundi abatsha. Ubomi sixeko sikhulu olu hlobo igcwele yeengxaki ukuba ondle xenga kwezopolitiko.

Phakathi agglomerations 33 nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ngo-1990, 22 babevela kumazwe asakhulayo. amazwe olutsala sixeko ithanda ukuba nobugoci nje enkulu ehlabathini. ukukhula kakhulu kwaye anarchic ibandakanya iingxaki izixeko ezifana ematyotyombeni imfundo kunye shanties, ukuxinana izibonelelo kunye ukuqhubela phambili iingxaki zentlalo, ezifana ngqesho, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukungakhuseleki, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi njalo njalo. D.

ukwanda ngakumbi megacities: elidlulileyo Future

Enye yezona zinto ngokumangalisayo nophuhliso ukuyilwa izixeko, ingakumbi kumazwe aphuhlileyo kangako. Ngokutsho inkcazelo UN, lo ngowona zokuhlala kunye nabemi ubuncinane million-8. Ukukhula kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ezidolophini kuba isenzeko esitsha okuye kwenzeka kule nkulungwane idluleyo. Ngowe-1950, izixeko ezibini kuphela (New York kunye London) babe kolu didi. Ngo-1990, imizi zehlabathi ziquka iindawo 11: 3 ziye ibekwe Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires kunye Rio de Janeiro), 2 eMntla Melika (New York naseLos Angeles), 2 - ku eYurophu (London kunye Paris), no-4 - eAsia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka kunye eBeijing). Ngowe-1995, 16 mega-imizi 22 aba kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngaphantsi (12 e-Asia, 4 e-Latin America no-2 e-Afrika - Cairo, Lagos). Ngo-2015, inani lanyuka ukuya 42 Phakathi kwabo, 34 (okt 81%) zifumaneka kumazwe ongaphuhliswanga kunye 8 kuphela - kuphuhliswa. Izixeko kwihlabathi uninzi (27 out of 42, ezenza malunga nesi-esithathwini) zifumaneka Asia.

amazwe phambili kwiimeko zithile inani lemizi-labantu aba China (101), India (57) kunye US (44).

Namhlanje, sixeko inkulu eYurophu - Moscow, esenzeka 15 nabantu million 16. Oku kulandela Paris (we-29 indawo 10.9 yezigidi) kunye London (32th kunye 10.2 yezigidi). Inkcazo "sixeko" eMoscow wafumana ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, xa ubalo ka-1897 abhalwe yezigidi 1 zabantu bendawo.

Abaviwa ngokuba mega-imizi

kungekudala agglomerates abaninzi babewela umqobo ezisibhozo sesigidi. Phakathi kwabo -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, njl Kwi-US, abaviwa kude emva ngokubhekiselele kubemi. It agglomerates i Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 million), San Francisco / San Jose (5.9 million), izigidi 5.8 Houston, isixeko Miami, Philadelphia.

banga Zizonke million 8 ukuza kuthi ga ukoyisa izixeko American-3 kuphela - New York, eLos Angeles kunye Chicago. Inani labemi sesine omkhulu waseUnited States zokuqala eTexas Houston. Uqhekekile umzi omi phezu 64 kwendawo uludwe zokuhlala ezinkulu ehlabathini. Amathuba e-United States kunye nokukhula kusenjalo conurbations ezincinane kakhulu. Imizekelo uqulethe Atlanta, eMinneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix Denver.

Wealth and Poverty

Intsingiselo ezidolophini ehleliyo iyahluka amazwekazi kwilizwekazi kwaye ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. iprofayile ngokubonakalayo ezahlukeneyo ngokwedemografi, uhlobo uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, uhlobo lwezindlu, umgangatho iziseko, ukukhula, imbali zokuhlala. Umzekelo, imizi Afrika, akukho elidlulileyo, kwaye ngesiquphe baza waphuphuma ezinkulu kwaye oluqhubekayo bathontelana abafudukayo zasemakhaya (ikakhulu amafama), kwakunye nokwandisa ngenxa yokunyuka high zendalo. izinga lokukhula malunga kabini kwi-avareji jikelele.

E East Asia, apho nengxinano yabemi liphezulu kakhulu, omnye conurbation enkulu, nto leyo maxa wambi indawo enkulu kakhulu kwaye iquka uthungelwano kwiilali eselumelwaneni, ukuba kungenxa yokuba kuphuculwe iimeko zoqoqosho.

On the megacities izwekazi Indiya ezifana eBombay, yaseCalcutta, Delhi, Dhaka kunye Karachi, adla ukwandisa ngeendleko amahlwempu kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, kwakunye nokuchuma ngokugqithiseleyo. E Latin America, umfanekiso thile ezahlukeneyo: ezidolophini kuye kwenzeka apha ngaphambili kakhulu kwaye zehlile ukususela ngowe-1980; indima ephambili zitshintsha kubonakala ukuba idlale nkqubo hlengiso noshowo.