Into ebizwa ngokuba amandla amanyathelo?

Umsebenzi amalungu kunye nezihlunu umzimba wethu kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ezinye iiseli (cardiomyocytes kunye luvo) ixhomekeka ukosuleleka neemvakalelo-luvo eveliswa amalungu ezithile iiseli okanye kwiindawo. Isiseko umlawuli angxamele-luvo yi ukuyilwa kwento kwamaza excitation ethile, bethwele igama intshukumo isakhono.

Yintoni na?

Action olunokubakho kuthiwa wave excitation lihamba kwiseli uye kwenye. Ngenxa ekwakhiweni kwayo nangokusulela ngokusebenzisa inwebu iseli kwenzeka utshintsho zezomzuzwana isigxina yabo (ngokuqhelekileyo kwicala elingaphakathi inwebu kakubi amacala, engaphandle - HIV). wave senziwe negalelo ekutshintsheni iimpawu amajelo ion iiseli, nto leyo ebangela ukuba uyazihlaziya le ndizayo. Ngelo xesha xa isakhono intshukumo kugqitha kule inwebu, kukho utshintsho emfutshane kwentlawulo wayo, nto leyo utshintsho iipropati cell.

Le ukuyilwa wave oxhasa ukusebenza ifayibha-luvo, kwaye intliziyo inkqubo yomgudu.

Kwimeko zokugxojwa lasungulwa abaphuhlisa izifo ezininzi, ukwenza ukufumanisa izenzo ezinokwenzeka kuyimfuneko izenzo ezintsonkothileyo lwezonyango-diagnostic.

Njengoko ngendlela efanayo isakhono inyathelo, kwaye ababa kuye?

History of yophando

Ufundo kokuvela excitation iiseli neefayibha yaqalwa ixesha elide eyadlulayo. lokuqala kwakhe wabona imbonakalo zebhayoloji abaye bafunda iimpembelelo zizinto ezahlukeneyo kwi tibial luvo ubuze beli isele. Baqaphela ukuba xa isetyenziswe isisombululo oludibeneyo yetyuwa ezityiwayo babonakala yindibanisela izihlunu.

Izifundo phambili oko waqhubeka nomsebenzi neurologists, kodwa inzululwazi esisiseko emva physics ukuba ufunda isakhono intshukumo - zomzimba. Kuye abangqine physiologists ubukho intshukumo olunokubakho phakathi kwiiseli intliziyo luvo.

Ngenxa kukuqiniswa ngobukho kunye nethuba lokuphumla yaboniswa izifundo nekhono.

iindlela zasekwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukulungisa ukufumaneka kho data kwaye ukulinganisa ubukhulu babo. Okwangoku, i-nitrogen kunye nofundo lokuba zibe amanyathelo oluqhutywa izifundo ezibini negalelo - an electrocardiogram kunye electroencephalogram.

Indlela of action olunokubakho

excitation Ukwakheka kwenzeka ngenxa utshintsho xi intracellular sodium kunye potassium ion. Ngokwesiqhelo, le iseli iqulatha potassium ngaphezu sodium. Extracellular sodium ion xi yi kakhulu mkhulu xa kukho icytoplasm. Utshintsho edalwa izenzo ezinokuba negalelo ukutshintsha ophetheyo phezu inwebu, apho ngoku ibangelwa ion sodium kule seli. Ngenxa yale tshintsho iintlawulo ngaphandle nangaphakathi iiseli (icytoplasm na kakuhle ityala kunye nokusingqongileyo engaphandle - i negative.

Oku kwenzelwa ukuba kube lula ukuhamba ngamaza ebuhlanti.

Xa iliza sele ngapha synapse, nesigxina recovery umva kwenzeka ngenxa zangoku kwi kwiseli kakubi ityala ion chloride. Cwangcisa kumanqanaba intlawulo yokuqala ngaphandle ngaphakathi esiseleni, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba lokusekwa isakhono kokuphumla.

Ixesha lokuphumla kunye excitation eneSandi. Le iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ukuze bonke babe ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokusekwa PD kuya kubakho ukuthobela eminye imithetho eziliqela.

isigaba PD

Ngexesha intshukumo enokwenzeka lungohlulwa lube ngezigaba eziliqela.

Isigaba sokuqala kwenzeka de kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo depolarization (ukwandisa amanyathelo olunokubakho kwavusa kade inwebu nokudubula leyo efikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kaninzi malunga -90 meV). Esi sigaba kuthiwa predspayk. It ikhutshwa phandle ukungena iseli ye ion sodium.

Isigaba esilandelayo - amandla peak (okanye spike) yakha parabola kunye engile etsolo apho ekuphumeni enokubakho inwebu depolarization kuthetha (nkqi) kunye inxalenye ukwehla - repolarization.

Isigaba sesithathu - ukubanga onganambithekiyo umkhondo - umkhondo ubonisa depolarization (ukutshintsha kwincopho depolarization ukuya kumile). Ngenxa emnyango ion chlorine kule seli.

In inyathelo yesine, isigaba ezintle umkhondo ezinokubakho, i inwebu ubuyela kwinqanaba lokuqala isigxina.

data isigaba evela isakhono intshukumo, landela ngokungqongqo omnye emva komnye.

isenzo amandla umsebenzi

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, uphuhliso olunokubakho nyathelo libalulekileyo ekusebenzeni iiseli ezithile. indima ephambili kule yashukunyiswa kwentliziyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, intliziyo wayeza umzimba nje engasebenziyo, kodwa ngenxa andise zonke iiseli intliziyo zokunciphisa wayo, nto leyo inegalelo tyhala igazi nge ebhedini semithambo, nawenza ngayo kuzo zonke izicwili kunye namaziko.

Inkqubo luvo kwakhona akwazi kakuhle ifezekise umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle intshukumo isakhono. Abasemagunyeni kuya kuba nako ukufumana zimpawu ukuze enze umsebenzi othile, ngenxa bekuya kuba yinto nje engenamsebenzi. Ukongeza, ukuphucuka ukudluliselwa luvo angxamele luvo (imbonakalo myelin kunye yindawo Ranvier) eyenza ukuba angadlulisela umqondiso kumcimbi lemizuzwana, yaye oko kwakhokelela kuphuhliso ingqondo kunye nentshukumo abazi.

Ukongeza kwezi nkqubo omzimba, kukho amathuba isenzo lukhutshwe kwezinye iiseli ezininzi, Noko ke, apho udlala indima kuphela ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile cell yabo.

Ukuvela yesenzo olunokubakho entliziyweni

Umzimba ephambili, esekelwe kumgaqo lokusekwa intshukumo isakhono, intliziyo. Ngenxa ubukho ukuyilwa ukubetha yenziwa umsebenzi iindawo welungu ogama umsebenzi kukunikezela igazi ancedisana amalungu.

Generation of action olunokubakho entliziyweni kwenzeka esiludumbo sinus. Le sise ekudibaneni Vena cava ukuya intendelezo ekunene. Ukusuka apho, ubume Ukhuthaza ecaleni Imicu inkqubo Uhanjiso kwentliziyo - ukusuka esiludumbo ukuya compound atrioventricular. Edlula block yesebe bundle, ngakumbi ngqo, ezisemilenzeni yayo, ubume udlula ekunene kunye ventricle ekhohlo. Ezi iindlela ziyatyeba amalungiselelo omhle - imicu Purkinje apho excitation kufikelela nganye iiseli intliziyo.

Intshukumo ezinokwenzeka cardiomyocytes kukho usemthethweni, ie, Kuxhomekeke ukuncipha zonke izihlunu zomzimba intliziyo. Xa block istokhwe (emva kukuqulungana engabalulekanga) ukubunjwa aphazanyiswa inyathelo isakhono, leyo ligxile electrocardiogram.

luvo

Njengoko PD senziwa luvo - kwiiseli ze-nervous system. Kuxhomekeke wenza kancinci lula.

ukubetha waqonda iinkqubo zangaphandle cell-luvo - luvo ezinxulumene receptors ise eluswini, nakuzo zonke ezinye zomzimba (ziphumle amandla kunye namanyathelo kwakhona amandla endaweni enye). Ingqondo ekwenyukeni ukuyilwa amanyathelo isakhono kuzo, emva koko ubume ngawo umzimba yeseli-luvo na yayo ingalo elide - Umzobo wesi, yaye ukusuka apho ukuya leesynapse - ezinye iiseli. Ngoko ke, lo excitation lokutshangatshangisa wambumba ifikelela ingqondo.

Uphawu e-nervous system kuba phambi kweentlobo ezimbini kwimicu - camera okanye ngaphandle myelin. Ukuvela isakhiwo kunye nokudluliselwa kwalo imicu ezo myelin, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu demielinezirovannyh.

Le nto ke yathi ngenxa yokuba ukusasazeka PD myelinated Imicu iziphumo ukusuka 'ukutsiba "- ukubetha imigqomo iinxalenye myelin, kubangele kunciphisa indlela yayo, ngokulandelelana, nokukhawulezisa ukwanda.

amandla yokuphumula

Ngaphandle uphuhliso olunokubakho yokuphumla kuya kubakho ithuba senzo. Phantsi amandla quiescent bayaqonda zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo, unexcited yeseli apho izigxina ngaphakathi nangaphandle ze-inwebu zahluke kakhulu (ngamanye amazwi, ngaphandle inwebu le kakuhle ityala, yaye ngaphakathi - negative). amandla Phumla ibonisa umahluko phakathi izityholo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwiseli. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngesiqhelo ukusuka meV -50 ukuya -110. I-luvo, eli xabiso uqobo -70 MeV.

Kungenxa ezidolophini ion chloride kwi seli nokudala isimangalo elibi kwicala elingaphakathi ndizayo.

Xa ukutshintsha lwee- ion intracellular (njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla) PP ithatha PD.

Ngokwesiqhelo, zonke iiseli zomzimba benozuko emhlabeni, ngoko utshintsho enokwenzeka ingqalelo inkqubo physiologically kuyimfuneko, kuba ngaphandle kwabo kuba nako ukusebenza iinkqubo sentliziyo kunye ethukile babeza.

Intsingiselo isifundo woxolo ukwakha kunye nesenzo

Ziphumle nekhono owodwa kwaye senzo ukufumanisa imeko umzimba, kwakunye amalungu ngamnye.

Qengqela kuYehova kwisenzo olunokubakho wentliziyo (ECG) ukufumanisa imeko yayo kunye namandla esebenzayo onke amasebe ayo. Ukuba lophononongo lolu EKG eziqhelekileyo, oko kubonakala ukuba zonke emazinyweni kuwo nto ibonakalisa intshukumo owodwa nobonisa ngoko ezinye ezinokwenzeka (ngokufanelekileyo, kukuvela data nekhono atrial ubonisa incum yomtshangatshangiso P kunye ukusasazeka excitation kwi ventricles - izinyo R).

Ngokubhekiselele kulo electroencephalogram, ukuba kwayo inkangeleko kwamaza ezahlukeneyo kunye izingqisho (ngakumbi, alpha beta amaza kwi umntu esempilweni) nalo ngenxa kukuvela nekhono amanyathelo luvo ingqondo.

Ezi zifundo avumela ngexesha ayinakubhaqa uphuhliso inkqubo isifo kwaye ukuba phantse i-50 ekhulwini ngonyango lokuqala ngempumelelo sifo.