EMpuma Ekude: ithemba lokuphuhliswa (umxholo jikelele)

Intsimi enkulu yeRussia Federation ibeka phambili ukuvela kwezona ziqhayiya kakhulu kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ziqinisekisa iingcamango zokuphuhliswa kwamandla kwimimandla ethile. Phakathi kwezi ndawo apho amaphulo anjalo angaqaliswa khona kwinani elikhulu-eMpuma Ekude. Ngenxa yeziphi iingenelo kulo mmandla unokwakhiwa ngokutsha? Ziziphi iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude?

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zeDV

Indawo eMpuma Ekude yaseRashiya yintsimi ebalulekileyo kummandla weqhinga lomkhosi nakwezoqoqosho. Indawo epheleleyo yalo mmandla i malunga ne-36% yommandla waseRussia Federation. Iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude zidibaniswa nobukho apha buninzi bemithombo yendalo. Nangona kunjalo, umkhuba wokuphuhlisa ubuchule bommandla luyinkimbinkimbi ngeziseko ezingenakulungeleka, kunye nokufuduka kwabantu.

Ukude kude eMoscow, isikhungo sezopolitiko kunye nezezimali zeRussian Federation, ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi kuyimfuneko ekuphuhlisweni kweMpuma Ekude. Ingcamango yangoku yomgaqo-nkqubo waseRashiya wangaphandle ukhuthaza ukuqiniswa kweli lizwe kwindawo yaseAsia-Pacific. Ukuphunyezwa ngokuphumelelayo kwalo msebenzi kubonisa ukuba isisombululo seengxaki eziphawuliweyo ezibonakaliswe kwiMpuma Ekude yaseRussia, ukuvuselela ukubuyiswa koqoqosho kwimimandla yaseRussia elapha. Ngako oko, urhulumente uhlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwingingqi.

Izinzuzo zokukhuphisana kweMpuma Ekude

Iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude zixhomekeke kwiintlobo zayo zokhuphiswano ngaphaya kwezinye iindawo zaseRashiya. Ezi ziquka ukuhamba ngokuthe ngqo kwimihlaba emikhulu kwiimarike ezinkulu zamazwe ase-Asia-Pacific, eChina, eMzantsi Korea, naseVietnam. Uqoqosho lwa mazwe lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Inxalenye yesibini ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhuphisana kweMpuma Ekude (iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kwalo mhlaba zisekelwe kuyo, mhlawumbi kwisilinganiselo esinqunyiwe) - ubukho bezinto ezininzi zendalo: amalahle, ioli, igesi, isinyithi, isinyithi esingafaliyo, imithi. Inzuzo yesithathu yokuncintisana yommandla ihlala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu. Oku kubeka phambili amathuba okusetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kweMpuma Ekude malunga neenjongo zophuhliso lwezolimo.

Izinto zokuphuhliswa ngempumelelo kwendawo

Ngaphantsi kweemeko ziphi iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude kweRussia ukuba zizaliswe? Okokuqala, utyalo-mali obalulekileyo kwiziseko-zothutho, amandla. Indawo elandelayo ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezorhwebo ngenjongo yokunyusa izinga elipheleleyo lokuhlawula imali kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho zommandla, ukwandisa imali yabemi kunye nokuncitshiswa kweerhafu kubhajethi. Isisombululo salolu msebenzi sidibanisa enye into ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi karhulumente ekuphuhlisweni kwamathuba aseMpuma Ekude - ukwakheka kwemfuno emakethe emandla kummandla.

Olunye ulwalathiso olubalulekileyo lomsebenzi wabasemagunyeni kukunyusa intuthuzelo yabemi beendawo zokuhlala ukuze kuphele ukufuduka ukuya kwezinye iindawo zaseRussian Federation kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukwenza ukuba iMpumalanga Ekude ithandeke ukufudukela kwezinye izinto.

Isixhobo sokusetyenziswa

Ziziphi izixhobo ezisebenzayo ezenza kube lula ukufumana amathuba okuphuhliswa koqoqosho lweMpuma Ekude, urhulumente unalo? Okokuqala, abaphandi baquka izixhobo ezivumela ukusekwa kwamacandelo ekhethekileyo ezoqoqosho kummandla obonakaliswe ngumgangatho ophezulu wokutsaliswa kotyalo - ikakhulukazi, kumaqabane angaphandle. Isixhobo esilandelayo esiphethwe ngabasemagunyeni sinokukhula kwenyuka kwimali yengeniso yendawo yabemi abasebenzayo kummandla wohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ngokwenza uhlalutyo lwembuyekezo ehambelana nomsebenzi. Ngenxa yolu hlobo, urhulumente angakhuthaza ukukhula kweemfuno ze-solvent kwiimarike zabathengi, kunye negalelo ekuphuculeni ummandla wesigodi sokufuduka kwabemi bezinye imimandla yaseRussia Federation.

Inani elikhulu lemithombo yezemali, apho iinjongo zokuphuhliswa koqoqosho lweMpuma Ekude zingagqitywa, zijoliswe ezandleni zamashishini abucala abujolise ekusebenzisaneni ngokubambisana nabasemagunyeni. Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokweengcali ezininzi, iingcamango ezifanayo ziya zibonakala ngakumbi ngenxa yezohlwayo zamazwe aseNtshona kumaRashiya. Abasomashishini abasuka eRussia Federation abangenako ukufikelela kwiimarike zangaphandle ngenxa yemimiselo engavumelekanga, ngokuthe ngandlela-thile baqwalasele imisebenzi yabo ngokuxhasa utyalo-mali kweli lizwe. IMpuma Ekude inokusebenza njengommandla okhangayo kubo ngokwemigqaliselo yokuzaliswa kwezimali ezithembisayo.

Ubambiswano lwaMazwe ngamazwe kwiMpuma Ekude: iRashiya neChina

Inzala ekukhuthazeni ukuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude sele iboniswe ngabalingani abaninzi belizwe laseRussia. Phakathi kweyona ndlela inkulu - yeChina. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2013 ivolumu-xa kungekho zigwebo zaseNtshona-ukuthengiswa kwezorhwebo phakathi kweMpuma Ekude kunye ne-PRC yayingaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezili-12 zeedola. Izikhombisi ezihambelana nazo zinamathuba okukhula ngokukhawuleza, okokuqala, ngenxa yezizathu zorhwebo zendalo, ezibandakanya ukuphuhliswa kwamathuba eMpuma Ekude, kwaye okwesibini, ngenxa yenkxaso eyongezelelweyo yokukhula okuqhubekayo kwemali phakathi kweRF kunye ne-PRC ngenxa yezohlwayo zaseNtshona.

Kulindeleke ukuba ngowe-2020 ukuthengiswa kwezorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina ne-Russia kuza kufinyelela kuma-dollar ayi-200. Ipesenti ebonakalayo yinto enokuthi ibandakanywe kwiiprojekthi ezikude zaseMpuma, apho iqela elidumileyo elibizwa ngokuba yi "Siberia Power" libhekiselele ngqo. Oya kwakhelwa ngesiseko sezivumelwano phakathi kweRussian Federation kunye ne-PRC, iphelile ngo-2014. Ngawaphi amathuba okuphuhliswa kweSiberia neMpuma Ekude avulwa ngokumalunga nokusayina kwesivumelwano esifanelekileyo, ngokucacileyo akunakwenzeka ukuthetha. Kodwa ukuba uzama, i-grandiose.

Kodwa ngelixa siqhubeka malunga neMpuma Ekude. Ziziphi ezinye izinto ezibonisa ukuzimisela ukusebenzisana neRussia kule ndawo?

EMpuma Ekude nakwiSouth Korea

ISouth Korea nayo inomdla wokufumana amathuba anikezelwa yi-Far East. Iinjongo zokuphuhlisana kwentsebenziswano phakathi kweRashiya kunye neSouth Korea zixhomekeke kakhulu kummandla woshishino. Ukuthengiswa kweentengiso phakathi kwamazwe ngo-2013 kwafaniswa namanani ekusebenzisaneni kweMpuma Ekude kunye ne-PRC kwaye ibe ngama-dollar ayi-5 billion.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iingcali ziyakumenywa zivela eNyakatho Korea ukuphumeza ezinye iiprojekthi zokusebenzela eRashiya. Mhlawumbi, oku kuya kuba yinto eyongezelelweyo yokudibanisa phakathi kwamazwe amabini, apho abantu abahlala khona.

EMpuma Ekude nakwiNyakatho Korea

Enyanisweni, intsebenziswano ngqo phakathi kweRashiya kunye ne-DPRK nayo ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ekupheleni kuka-2014, urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe lubonise amanani athobekileyo-malunga neerandi ezingama-30. Kodwa oku, kunye naloo, i-70% ephakamileyo kunama-2013. Iofisi ezimalunga nama-25 eenkampani ezivela kwi-DPRK zikhoyo kwiMpuma Ekude. Urhulumente waseNyakatho Korea ulula kakhulu imigaqo ye-visa yabasomashishini baseRashiya.

EMpuma Ekude naseJapan

IJapan ngokuqhelekileyo ibe yinkampani enkulu yeRhwebo Federation. Ngenxa yenkalo yendawo, inani lemimandla ephambili apho kuthethwa khona iinkcukacha ezixhamlayo kwiMpuma Ekude. Iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kobambiswano lwaseRussia-eJapan zentsebenziswano enkulu. Enyanisweni, ngoku ukuphunyezwa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo kuya kuphazamiseka kakhulu kukuba iJapan ijoyine izigwebo zaseNtshona. Ngelo xesha, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kukho ithuba lokubambisana kwentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini, kwaye ayenjalo.

Ziziphi ezinye amazwe ezisebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo kwiMpuma Ekude? Iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kobambiswano, ngakumbi neVietnam naseSingapore ziyahlolwa yiingcali ezintle. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuthengiswa kwezorhwebo ngamazwe amabini ngo-2013 kuye kwaba malunga nama-dollar ayi-300. Ngendlela, akukho namnye ubonisa umdla woluntu ekulandeleni umda weNtshona ukuya kwiRussian Federation. Ngoko ke, kukho onke amathuba okukhula okubambisanayo phakathi kweRashiya, iVietnam neSingapore eMpuma Ekude. Kwixesha elide, kunokwenzeka ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kweRussia Federation kunye namanye amaninzi kummandla - eIndiya, eLatin America, eMzantsi Afrika.

EMpuma Ekude nakwi-USA

Uqoqosho oluninzi lwehlabathi lubhekwa njengelinye lababakhokeli bezohlwayo ezisemthethweni kwiRussia Federation, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ubudlelwane phakathi kweRashiya kunye namazwe aseNtshona kumhlaba wezemigaqo-nkqubo welizwe lwangaphandle luhlehlise, amathuba okubambisana phakathi kweRashiya kunye ne-US eMpuma Ekude yabonwa yiingcali ezininzi ezicacileyo. Ngoko, kwakukho umdla wabemi baseMelika ekwakhiweni kwamashishini amashishini, izibonelelo zendawo, izindlu zezindlu, kunye nokutyalomali kwezolimo. Kunzima ukuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka njani ukuqaliswa kwentsebenziswano phakathi kweRashiya ne-United States kule ndawo kwakhona. Kodwa abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iinkampani ezizimeleyo zaseMelika - ngokungafaniyo, mhlawumbi, urhulumente wase-US, ziqhubeka zijonga iRussia Federation njengeqabane elithembekileyo, kubandakanyeka kumaphulo okuphumeza amanyathelo athembisayo eMpuma Ekude.

EMpuma Ekude kunye neNkqubo yeMandla eNyunithi

Phakathi kweziganeko eziphambili kunye ezintle ezichaphazela ukuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude - ukuhlanganiswa koqoqosho lweRussian Federation kunye namazwe eEEA: iBelarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia.

Indawo ehambelanayo yentsebenziswano yelizwe ingabandakanya ukuqaliswa kweeprojekthi kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zendawo ekhoyo yoqoqosho - kuquka neMpuma Ekude, nangona ubukhulu beendawo ezikhoyo kule nxalenye yeRashiya Federation ukusuka kwizivumelwano. Abasomashishini abavela kwi-EEA bathi, njengoko abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba, banokwenza kakuhle kakhulu inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni inkqubo yoqoqosho kule ndawo yaseRussia.

Inkqubo kaRhulumente

Iingxaki kunye nethuba lokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude zifundiswa kwinqanaba likarhulumente. Njengomphumo weminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi, amagunya aphuhlise isicwangciso sokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nentlalo yeMpuma Ekude, kunye nommandla weBaikal. Eli nyathelo laphunyezwa ngoDisemba 2009. Kufuneka iphunyezwe phambi ko-2025. Emva kokufunda iingxaki kunye nethuba lokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude, urhulumente wabeka umsebenzi wokwakha inkqubo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwimimandla enokukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphila okuphezulu kwabemi abahlala kuyo.

Inani elipheleleyo lentyalo-mali, elifuneka ukuba linikezelwe ukuphunyezwa kweprogram, malunga ne-rubl 411 yezigidigidi. Ngenxa yokuzaliswa kwayo, kubalwa ukudala imisebenzi eyi-69.9 yamawaka kwiphondo kunye nokwandisa umthamo we-GDP kwicandelo elifanelekileyo leRussia Federation ngamaxesha angama-2.6, umthamo wezinto ezihanjiswayo - amaxesha angama-2.3, inani elipheleleyo lezalo-mali-amaxesha amathathu, inani Abemi, beli candelo lobuninzi labasebenzi - 1.1 amaxesha.

Imisebenzi yangoku

Yimiphi imisebenzi ejongene nolawulo lwesigqeba kunye neendawo zendawo ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho nentlalo yeMpuma Ekude ngoku?

Phakathi kwazo:

- ukuphucula induduzo yabemi;

- ukukhuthaza ukwanda kwenxaxheba kwinqanaba eliphakathi kwintlalo yoluntu kubemi bezakhiwo ezizimeleyo zeRussia Federation kwisiGqeba saseMpumalanga yeMpuma kunye neNgingqi yeBaikal (ingeniso yomntu osebenzayo kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane ubuncinane be-6).

- uncedo ekuphuhlisweni kwabasebenzi, ukuqaliswa kweengcinga ezintsha zemfundo;

- Ukwandisa izinga lokutsaliswa kwemali kwalommandla;

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yamandla;

- uphuhliso lweziseko zothutho;

Ukuhlaziywa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano;

Ukuvuselela amanyathelo omashishini ngokunciphisa ulawulo kunye nokususa izithintelo ezahlukeneyo;

- uncedo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokwenza umthetho;

- Ukuphuculwa kwemvelo.

Kakade, kwimeko yenkqubo ekhoyo yangoku i-state ibhekene nomsebenzi wokuqhubela phambili intsebenziswano kunye namashishini aseRashiya, amazwe angaphandle kunye namashishini.

Ngoko, sihlolisise iingxaki eziphambili kunye nethuba lokuphuhliswa kweMpuma Ekude. Lo mmandla unomthombo omkhulu wendalo kunye nesimo sezulu, unesimo esiphezulu se-geopolitical kwiimeko ezininzi. Kukho ithemba lokuphuhliswa kwezithuthi kwiMpuma Ekude, izibonelelo zentlalo, imveliso, ezolimo kunye namanye amanqanaba oqoqosho. Inzala ngokubambisana namashishini alo mmandla ibonakaliswe nguqoqosho olubanzi olukufutshane nalo - i-PRC, iSouth Korea, iVietnam, iSingapore.

Iingxaki kunye nethuba lokuphuhliswa koqoqosho lweMpuma Ekude zifundiswa ngokuphandle ngabaphandi baseRussia nabangaphandle. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wenziwa ukuqhubela phambili ukucwangcisa isicwangciso sokuqonda ubuchule obuhlukeneyo bendawo. Ngethuba elifanayo, inzala kubambiswano obakhayo ngokusekelwe kumathuba okuvula aseMpuma Ekude iboniswa yimibutho yabucala kunye neyorhulumente-zombini yaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Isilinganisi seenkampani ezinqwenela ukuba khona kummandla zikwahluke kakhulu - kungaba ngamashishini amakhulu okanye amabhizinisi amancinci naphakathi.