Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission, Loris-Melikov. Ukwakhiwa kunye nonyaka indalo

Ukudalwa kwe Supreme koLawulo Commission isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali kwezopolitiko eRashiya. ubukho oku lomzimba ibonisa ukuzama wolawulo Tsarist kwenkulungwane ye-19 emva kwexesha ukumelana mood zoluntu, isiseko wona ukulindela iinguqulelo ezivumelana noshowo.

Luni ikhomishini

Ngowe-1880 imikhosi olawulo tsarist yaba kukusekwa kwe-Ephakamileyo kuLawulo Commission. Lo nyaka kwaphawulwa ukuba umzabalazo esebenzayo ngokuchasene ulawulo yedwa lo mbuso. Phakathi mbali kukholelwa ukuba isizathu sokuba ukusungulwa kweKomishini kwantinga, elungiselelwe abachasi tsarist Februwari-5 kwi-Winter Palace.

Man, kwaba ngqo phantsi apho Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission - Loris-Melikov uMikhail Tarielovich. Ukubunjwa umzimba zikwaquka K. P. Pobedonostsev, A. K. Imeretinsky, M. S. Kahanov kunye namanye amanani abadumileyo zoluntu. Ukudalwa kwe Supreme yoLawulo iKomishoni, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, edibene imfuneko ukufezekisa imisebenzi -arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho kwi komkhulu loBukhosi Russian ebusweni chapha abavakalelwa olululo.

umsebenzi

Ephakamileyo Commission koLawulo yenzelwe ukudibanisa umsebenzi karhulumente arhente ezahlukeneyo zonyanzeliso lomthetho (kuquka iinkundla). Eyona njongo ephambili yomsebenzi ikhomishini xa uphikiswa ukuba umsebenzi nabavukeli. Le misebenzi leyo elijongene umbutho, kukomeleza uphando kwabarhanelwa-mthetho kurhulumente, kuqwalaselwe umba sisohlwayo ngohlobo amakhonkco, ulawulo amagunya lamapolisa lokugada.

Phakathi mbali, kukho kwinguqulo Loris-Melikov wangenelela inxaxheba emsebenzini uninzi-nkqubo karhulumente, Noko ke, kuye kwaba negalelo ukuxhasa layo yokumkani. Kwaye ukususela ekusekweni kwe Supreme yoLawulo IKomishoni iza kuvavanywa nje usana kunina - izigqibo eziphambili zenziwe, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, phantsi umgca tsarist. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, akumangalisi ke le into yokuba ukusekwa kwe Supreme koLawulo Commission amahle kungekudala yabangela bupheliswe. Loris-Melikov kuphelela yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Internal Affairs.

IMVELAPHI ukubonakala

In imithombo ezithandwayo historiographical bathi luguqulelo ukuba iinguqulelo olwenziwe yi ulawulo tsarist kwiminyaka 60-70 kwenkulungwane ye-19, waba iimpawu ukungangqinelani nangona into yokuba wathwala inani iimpawu ngcembe: uphuhliso eziqalelo longxowankulu yaye ukukhula ezihamba koqoqosho, ekomelezeni indawo lizwe ngamazwe enkundleni.

Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission, ababhali-mbali bathi, iye yavela ngenxa yesidingo kolawulo tsarist ngemikhwa ingxaki kwinkqubo yezopolitiko - yaqala ukubonakala lemibutho elifuna ukuba balungise iziphene kulawulo lizwe ngeendlela yotshintsho olululo. Ukongeza, kukho inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu Russian va isikhundla kwezopolitiko, kwaye kukho ingozi yokuba iseli iza kufumana uvelwano emehlweni abemi.

Ubuntu Loris-Melikov

Tarielovich uMikhail Loris-Melikov wazalwa ngo-1824 e-Tiflis. Usapho lwakhe uye iingcambu Armenian. Wafunda kwi various Institute of Oriental Languages. Emva koko - kwizikolo zomkhosi of St. Petersburg. Ngowe-1843-47 wakhonza kwi Hussars in Grodno. iminyaka ke embalwa nguye onilwelayo eCaucasus, emva kokuthabatha inxaxheba iCrimea Imfazwe ezilandelayo impi enkulu emkhosini phakathi eRashiya ne Turkey. Emva kokuba isivumelwano uxolo phakathi Amandla waqeshwa interim umlawuli-jikelele Astrakhan, Saratov kunye Samara, ndiye zizicombulule ngempumelelo ingxaki yokulwa izifo eziyingozi kule ngingqi. Wasebenza njengoko iRhuluneli-Jikelele eKharkiv, apho wathabatha inxaxheba yokuguqula izixhobo karhulumente. Xa ephethwe yi-arhente omtsha urhulumente ekuthiwa Ephakamileyo yoLawulo Commission (1880).

Loris-Melikov, imeko kweli lizwe

Xa memoirs zakhe malunga iimeko phantsi kwayo yasebenza Ephakamileyo yoLawulo iKomishoni, Loris-Melikov ugxininise ukuba umba wokuqala ukuqinisekisa abemi. Kwaye ngoko kuphela ukwenza iinguqulelo. Worker wabhala ukuba Russian Tsar waba phantsi kwengcinezelo evela kumacala ahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, kunye kwibala-nkqubo yangaphandle - amagunya amakhulu kunyanzeleka umlawuli ukutshintsha kunye Ottoman utyikitye San Stefano uxolo isivumelwano ngokwemimiselo nezinzima iRussia. Okwesibini, nezazi Russian wawufuna ukulandelelana iinguqu: ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1861, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqhelana ekukhululeni abalimi ukuba iimeko ezintsha kuqoqosho. Kwaye oku nangona ezingekapheli endala ziimvakalelo kawonke ngcembe, ukholelwa ukuba yotshintsho ka-1861 babungavisisani leyinene Russian.

Draft siseko Loris-Melikov

NgoJanuwari 1881 Loris-Melikov ecetywayo uMlawuli Alexander II ukuya kuxwebhu oluqulathe imigaqo ezisisiseko iinguqulelo yolawulo, nothi, inkokeli uluvo, bonele imeko yezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko. Ababhali-mbali baye wabiza olu xwebhu "siseko Loris-Melikov." Linemali isindululo ukwenza ikhomishini nokulungiselela imithetho ezinxulumene nemiba yezemali, ulawulo kwiingingqi kwaye ukuyilwa zakonosoveschatelnogo function. Ukubunjwa ezi imizimba kungena amasekela anyulwe kwi Zemstvos yephondo kunye namabhunga kamasipala.

Eyona njongo iphambili iinguqu kwaba ukudala iziko womelo ethandwayo, kukho umatshini yePalamente. Umlawuli akazange engqondweni le ngcamango. Kodwa ngosuku xa Alexander II wasayina idrafti isibheno kurhulumente malunga nomba iinguqu, abanqolobi "Narodnaya Volya" Ndenza inzame lo kumkani. I koMlawuli ayikwazanga asinde.

Populists

Ukuma engundoqo, apho, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, limele ntsongelo yomngcipheko wentshabalalo enkulu kolawulo tsarist waba "Narodnaya Volya". Lo mbutho waye isakhiwo efihlakeleyo, kodwa kuqukwa imijelo ezifumaneka kwiinkqubo kwezopolitiko. Kwizikhundla zalo nkqubo zibandakanya iwuthimbe ngamandla kwimvukelo olululo kunye egqunywe elandelayo yentando. "Narodnaya Volya" wayekholelwa ukuba uhlaselo - eyona ndlela iphumelelayo ukulwa urhulumente.

NgoFebruwari 1880 ukuba walungelelanisa dubulo kwi Winter Palace, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imfuneko ukuze zenze isakhiwo enjalo, njengoko Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission. Unyaka indalo lomzimba, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, waphawulwa ukugogeka liphezulu zentlalo eRashiya.

Imbali ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komyalelo eRashiya

Nangona isibakala sokuba ixesha ukusekwa kwe Supreme Ulawulo Commission - kunyaka ingakumbi radicals esebenzayo, nongakhange, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, njengoko kuchazwe ezibonisa eminyaka embalwa yangaphambili, umzimba onjalo waba AMAGQABAZA ▸ zembali. Ngokukodwa, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-17, ukumkani wadalwa ekuthiwa- Order of imicimbi eyimfihlo, eyenzelwe ukuba iliso yokusebenza amaziko karhulumente kunye nehambo uphando ezinxulumene nomsebenzi tipolitiki. Yaye yasekwa ngexesha uPetros Kumbi oda. IGunya inomthwalo ngeendibano wophando baningcikiva loMlawuli ubuntu, umsebenzi ezonakalisayo, lokungaziphathi labaLindi. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala 18 kwathiwa yasekwa umzimba entsha - i-Ofisi uphando amatyala, kwaye kukho amashumi ambalwa - hambo Secret eyenzelwe kuphanda ityala ngokutyeshelwa komthetho. Kumashumi eminyaka elandelayo, imicimbi zangaphakathi uBukhosi wazuza amagama ahlukeneyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, xa kweli lizwe kukho imfuneko ukuze bakhusele amaqela ezinkulu, lafika Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission.

I-lifa yembali yiKomishoni

Phakathi mbali, kukho inguqulelo ukuba Ephakamileyo yoLawulo Commission umzimba ukuba yaba nefuthe ngqo kwi ukuyilwa eSoviet yaye kamva inkqubo mihla amaziko karhulumente yomthetho nocwangco. Kwezinye data historiographical na ulwazi eyaqala ngo-1917, Isibali-revolution amalungu urhulumente waseSoviet kwimisebenzi yawo ifana kakhulu kwi Ephakamileyo Administrative Commission. Emva koko ke NKVD yadalwa, kwakukho izakhiwo ezifana Ministry of Internal Affairs kunye iKGB.

Ngowe-1991, abasemagunyeni zisekiwe, yenzelwe ukuba izakhiwo kumsebenzi weSoviet of the RSFSR. Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR kwakukho Interior Ubulungiseleli Russian kunye FSB. Ngoko ke, kusengqiqweni ukuthi, indima yembali umzimba enjalo njengoko Ephakamileyo yoLawulo iKomishoni enkulu: i-1917-th - i-revolution - kulo nyaka ixesha kokuvavanywa imo ngefomathi entsha ukulwa isimo yoqhankqalazo, kodwa ngenxa yale amava wakhula eSoviet yaye kamva inkqubo yanamhlanje kwemizimba ulawulo lomthetho.

Ukuhlolwa mbali

Phakathi izazinzulu Russian kufuneka iingcali ukuba baphonononge indima ngembali Ephakamileyo yoLawulo iKomishoni ngokwemeko iinkqubo yelo xesha kwezopolitiko. Ngokukodwa, kukho inguqulelo ukuba amandla ndawonye kukumkani isigwebo elite eRashiya namhlanje kuvumela kwiimpazamo eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuvela imibutho abanqolobi bakholelwa sisetyenziswe lo mbono, yaye namhlanje, yini na, kwaza ngenxa nalwazelelelo le lizwe, ukungabikho kwabo umnqweno enze inguqu kuyimfuneko, kwaye esebenzisa ngoxolo. Ukuba ungathanda into yokuthintela ubugrogrisi, iingcali zithi, ugxininiso kufuneka kwenziwe into yembono kwi hlengiso imigaqo yophuhliso loqoqosho, ayiyi kubakho kuluntu, inkcaso kunye iiseli umbuso kufuneka ukukwazi ukuphembelela abantu ukuba unalo apho, umzekelo, oluzinzileyo eliphezulu umsebenzi ohlawulayo.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa mbali, umsebenzi ophezulu umgangatho weenkonzo ezizodwa nje kuphela "kaxakeka" imo - xa abagrogrisi wasebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Kule mimandla, iingcali zikholelwa, iye wafanisa urhulumente tsarist Russia, kwaye bachitha umsebenzi echanileyo ngokwaneleyo zamaqumrhu karhulumente we-Russian Federation.