Umbhali abamba. Indlela kunye neziphumo abamba

impucuko Modern okukuchaphazela kuhlobo impembelelo. Njengomgaqo, negative. Kwamahlathi, kutsalwe emanzi kunye nokukhululwa isigxina emoyeni isixa esikhulu kwezinto ezinobungozi - oku uluhlu olupheleleyo i "ukulunga" lwabantu. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba olu hlobo loluka greenhouse effect kulo. Ingaba bonke ngokwenene?

ulwazi zembali

Hi ndlela leyi, lowo waba yimbangi greenhouse effect na (oko kukuthi, abo wafumanisa le nto)? Ngubani kuqala wachaza inkqubo ngasentla yaye sasithetha malunga nempembelelo yayo kwindalo? A ingcamango efanayo Wabonakala kude 1827. Umbhali inqaku izazinzulu Zhozef Fure. Kwincwadi yakhe, uchaza indlela leli lokusekwa kwemozulu iplanethi yethu.

Sikhethekileyo lo msebenzi ngelo xesha yayikukuba Fourier ingqalelo ubushushu kunye neempawu zemozulu ukuba imimandla ezahlukeneyo Umhlaba. Nantso ke into umbhali yi greenhouse effect, nto leyo ke lixesha lokuqala wakwazi ukuchaza amava Saussure oko.

eksperimenti Saussure

Ukuze uqinisekise iziphumo zabo, izazinzulu basebenzisa amava M. de Saussure, esebenzisa isikhongozelo, wayifulela uthuthu ngaphakathi, intamo yayo ezinikezelwa yi-glass. De Saussure wabeka experiment, ngexesha apho gqolo Walinganisa lobushushu ngaphakathi kunye neebhanki nangaphandle. Kakade ke, kunjalo zandiswe umqulu lwangaphakathi. Okokuqala Fourier eyayibangela le ziyenzeka isenzo odityanisiweyo we izinto ezimbini: ikwaxina of transfer ubushushu iindonga permeability isitya eyahlukileyo reyi ukukhanya kunye yamaza ezahlukeneyo.

indlela yayo ilula: i ubushushu umphezulu kukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu, iqala okubanjwa ukukhanya okubonakalayo ukuba imitha yobushushu. Ekubeni zokufunda ngokupheleleyo adlulisele ukukhanya ebonakalayo kodwa phantse uqhuba ubushushu, ngelakamva okongezeleke kwi umqulu yangaphakathi isitya. Njengoko ubona, indlela greenhouse effect lula ukugwetyelwa wonke umntu oye wafunda ikhondo umgangatho wezenzululwazi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ziyenzeka elula ngokwaneleyo, kodwa njani usizi aze emhlabeni yethu!

Ukuvela elithi

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba Zhozef Fure - yimbangi greenhouse effect ngokwecandelo inkcazelo yayo yoqobo kule ncwadi. Ke yena weza ngesibizo ngokwawo? Awu, thina ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo. Xa uncwadi phenomenon kamva, nto leyo yavulwa Fourier got igama layo mihla. Namhlanje, zonke bume uyazi elithi "effect".

Kodwa Into ebalulekileyo yaba ukugwetyelwa i Fourier ngqo ungubani Umhlaba kunye nomoya yeglasi zesiqhelo. Ngamafutshane, le umoya umhlaba wethu akubonakali ngokugqibeleleyo ukukhanya ebonakalayo, kodwa umkhumbula kakubi kumqolo infrared. Ukuba ubushushu ezingasetyenziswanga, umhlaba ngenkankulu ukumnika. Nantso ke into umbhali greenhouse effect i oko. Kodwa kutheni kukho oku?

Ewe, siye wachaza indlela abangekaphuhli bembonakalo yayo, kodwa inzululwazi yanamhlanje iye yakwazi ukungqina ukuba kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo-IR-reyi nangoku free ngokupheleleyo ingafikelela ngaphaya umoya langa. Njani na ukuba iindlela eziyindalo "zokufudumeza ixesha" utshintsho abaphumeleli?

izizathu

Ngokubanzi, siye ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwi kanye ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Ukuvela yale meko upasa yi ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• umtshiso abasisigxina ngokugqithiseleyo namafutha enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele.
• umoya obandayo izixa-langa ngeegesi zoshishino kufika unyaka wonke.
• Amahlathi njalo made phantsi, indawo yabo iye yancitshiswa ngenxa imililo ekuthobeni umgangatho womhlaba.
• ukwetyisa anaerobic, ezikhutshwayo methane ukusuka emazantsi olwandle.

Kufuneka wazi ukuba "aboni" engundoqo, nto leyo ibangele ukuba indlela greenhouse effect ezi, zezi zilandelayo iigesi ezintlanu:

• Divalent carbon monoxide, okwabizwa ngokuba carbon dioxide. greenhouse effect nge-50% inikwa ngeendleko zalo.
• Yeekharbon of chlorine kunye fluorine (25%).
• Nitrogen dayoksayidi (8%). igesi enetyhefu, inkunkuma eqhelekileyo kakubi axhotyiswe iikhemikhali kunye namashishini metallurgical.
• Ground-level ozone (7%). Nangona indima yayo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni umhlaba nxamnye ngokugqithiseleyo imitha yelanga ukuze kube lula ukubanjwa ubushushu kumphezulu wayo.
• Malunga nama-10% methane.

Phi na ezi yeegesi kwi-atmosfera? Yintoni ukusebenza kwabo?

- carbon dioxide. It kukuninzi emoyeni, xa abantu batshise namafutha enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele. Phantse isinye kwisithathu obugqithisileyo yayo (ngasentla zendalo) kwinqanaba ngenxa yokuba lo mntu ngenkuthalo utshabalalisa amahlathi. Umsebenzi ofanayo isebenza kwaye rhoqo inkqubo kohlaza imihlaba ochumileyo uqhu-.

Konke oku kuthetha ukwehliswa isixa kohlaza enokuthi ngempumelelo ukufunxa carbon dioxide, nto leyo iinkalo ezininzi ikhuthaza yi greenhouse effect. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo le nto kukho amaqhina oqhagamshelwano: umthamo nganye betekisi emoyeni divalent carbon oxide ikhula nama-0.5%, ekhuthaza zombini ubunkene ubushushu kunye nokuthotywa iinkqubo kwemfuneko kwezityalo phezu komhlaba.

- neechlorofluorocarbon. Njengokuba sele sitshilo, ezi zinto ukunika-25% of abamba. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo kwalo mmangaliso zihlolisiswe kangangexesha elithile. Xa umoya ke ngenxa kwemveliso yoshishino, ingakumbi wawungasasebenzi. refrigerants eziyingozi ityhefu ziqulathe ezi zizinto inqwaba, kunye namanyathelo okuthintela ukuvuza yabo ngokucacileyo ukunika isiphumo kulindeleke. Imiphumo imbonakalo yazo nokuba iyoyikeka kakhulu:

• Okokuqala, ukuba zinetyhefu kakhulu ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni, kwaye nangenxa nezityalo le ebumelwaneni fluorine kunye chlorine akukho luncedo kakhulu.
• Okwesibini, ezi zinto zinobungozi kakhulu kukhawuleziswe yi greenhouse effect.
• Okwesithathu, konakalisa -ozone, olukhusela umhlaba yelanga ndlongondlongo.

- methane. Ezinye zegesi ibalulekileyo, aphezulu lamanani apho emoyeni kubandakanya elithi "effect". Kufuneka wazi ukuba ngaphambili umthamo yayo ojikeleze umhlaba nje iminyaka engamakhulu kabini. Enyanisweni, uninzi ubunzima bayo avela kwimithombo yendalo ngokupheleleyo:

• Amasimi erayisi e Asia.
• izakhiwo imfuyo.
• inkqubo yokucoca amanzi Domestic inkunkuma zokuhlala ezinkulu.
• Xa ukubola nokucazululwa kuka into ephilayo ezinzulwini imigxobhozo, zokuyilahla.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba imali elininzi ezikhutshwayo methane bavela ezinzulwini kolwandle. Mhlawumbi le meko kubangelwe umsebenzi ebalulekileyo amathanga ezinkulu iintsholongwane apho methane ikakhulu-yimveliso ukutya.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukugxininisa "igalelo" kuphuhliso greenhouse effect kwi ngakwicala abavelisi yeoli: a yonge gas ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera ibe yi-kwimveliso. Ngaphezu koko, yanda umboniso ioli phezu kolwandle nayo inegalelo yokubola olukhawulezisiweyo izinto eziphilayo, nto leyo sikhatshwa ukuphuma methane.

- nitric oxide. Umthamo omkhulu imifanekiso kumashishini ezininzi amachiza. Kuyingozi inxaxheba kakhulu esebenzayo nje kuphela indlela abamba. Enyanisweni, xa idibene namanzi esesibhakabhakeni, le nto yenza i-nitric acid ukho, nokuba kungomlinganiselo omncinci. Ivela apha zivela yonke imvula eneasidi, nto leyo nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu.

nemiboniso yeengcingane perturbations kwemozulu

Ngoko ke yintoni imiphumo zehlabathi greenhouse effect na? Kunzima ukutsho ngokuqinisekileyo, kuba iingcali zenzululwazi kude kwisigqibo ecacileyo. Okwangoku, kukho imiboniso eziliqela. Ukuphuhlisa computer ukuthathela ingqalelo ezininzi izinto ezahlukeneyo njani ukuba akhawulezise okanye isantya yi greenhouse effect. Makhe sijonge ehlanganisa kule nkqubo:

• Ukuqhela ngeegesi ezichazwe ngentla japan zeteknoloji zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.
• Ukukhutshwa CO ₂ ngenxa yokubola wobushushu of hydrocarbon zendalo. Kunika umdla ukwazi ukuba uqweqwe iplanethi yethu iqulethe carbon dioxide ngamaxesha 50,000 ngaphezu emoyeni. Kakade ke, le carbon monoxide ebotshiwe afana.
• Ekubeni neziphumo eziphambili greenhouse effect i - ukwandisa lobushushu amanzi kunye nomoya kumphezulu zinokukhuliswa komphunga komisa phezu kweelwandle neelwandlekazi. Ngenxa yoko, nokuba maxongo ngakumbi umoya permeability ukuba infrared.
• Elwandle iqulathe malunga 140 triliyoni iitoni carbon dioxide, nto leyo xa ubushushu yamanzi kwakhona uqalisa ukubaleka ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, negalelo abamba inkqubo onamandla ngakumbi.
• Kokuwa reflectivity lo mhlaba, ekhokelela nokwanda olukhawulezisiweyo shushu umoya wayo. Oku lula ukunyibilika komkhenkce nobuntlango.

Ziziphi izinto ziphazamise uphuhliso greenhouse effect na?

Kuthathwa ukuba ezisisiseko efudumeleyo yangoku - i-Gulf Stream - esoloko kuyehla. Kwixesha elizayo, oko kuya kubangela ukuhla okubonakalayo lokubanda bazakucotha nokwanda legalelo eyigesi. Ukongeza kwi degree ngalinye warming jikelele nama-0.5% indawo kwandisa ilifu phezu yonke indawo ehlabathini ukuba inegalelo kunciphiso ebalulekileyo mali ubushushu ukuba umhlaba wamkela isithuba.

Qaphela: umongo greenhouse effect kukuba ukuphakamisa iqondo iyonke ngaphantsi komhlaba. Kakade ke, akukho nto ezilungileyo, kodwa ke ezi zinto badla negalelo kunye nokudambisa iimpembelelo kule meko. Enyanisweni, yiloo nto izazinzulu ezininzi kwaye bakholelwa ukuba isifundo wobushushu kwihlabathi ngokwayo igqalwa kwizimanga zendalo ngokupheleleyo ukuba imbali iphela Earth kwenzeka rhoqo.

Ukuba uphakamile ukungabikho kozinzo, kungona kuba imvula yonyaka. Oku kubangela zombini imigxobhozo recovery kunye nokukhula olukhawulezisiweyo enezityalo, elinoxanduva ri obugqithisileyo carbon dioxide emoyeni ze loo mhlaba. Kwakhona kulindeleke ukuba kwenani kwemvula kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba negalelo yokwanda ebonakalayo kwindawo kweelwandle nzulu emvula.

Coral ezihlala kuzo, zezona ubushushu inkunkuma ezibalulekileyo carbon dioxide. Ekhonkxiwe afana, oko ukwakha amathambo abo. Okokugqibela, ukuba a lwesintu encinane ukunciphisa izinga kwamahlathi, indawo bawo kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, njengoko le carbon dioxide enye i ivuselela ebalaseleyo ukwabiwa izityalo. Ngoko ke yintoni imiphumo greenhouse effect enokwenzeka?

nemiboniso eziphambili nekamva iplanethi yethu

Kwimeko yokuqala, abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba global warming uya kuba kade. Kwaye lo mbono ixhaswa ezininzi. Bakholelwa ukuba iilwandle yehlabathi, nto leyo accumulator amandla omkhulu, kuba ixesha elide ziya kuba nako lokufunxa ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Kungathatha nkulungwane ngaphezu kwesinye phambi sezulu umhlaba iya kutshintsha ngokwenene ngokupheleleyo.

Iqela lesibini izazinzulu, kwelinye icala, lukhetha iinguqu ezinkulu ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukhetho. Le ngxaki greenhouse effect kukuba okwangoku ethandwa kakhulu, oko ngazo phantse yonke nkongolo zenzululwazi. Ngelishwa, ubungqina kule mbono kwanela. Kukholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka elikhulu edluleyo, uyazikhomba carbon dioxide landa ubuncinane nge-20-24% kunye nemali methane emoyeni yaye linyuke nge-100%. Kule meko kakhulu ophambene, kucingwa ukuba iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni ekupheleni kwale yekhulu zikhule kwirekhodi 6,4 ° C.

Ngoko ke, kulo mzekelo, yi greenhouse effect emoyeni kusihlangula nje ingxaki esibulalayo bonke abahlali kwimimandla yonxweme.

Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza komgangatho wolwandle

Isibakala sokuba loo mgaqweni ubushushu izaliswe Ukunyuka kakhulu kwaye phantse ongeke kwinqanaba elwandle. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela ngowe-1995 ukuya ku-2005. babengama-4 cm, nangona izazinzulu nje emonela- yathi umntu ukuba ulindele kuvuka ngaphezu izibuko cm. Ukuba yonke into iqhubeka kwi isantya enye, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 kwinqanaba elwandle ziya kuba ubuncinane 88-100 cm imigangatho mihla ngakumbi. Ngelo xesha, malunga ne-100 lezigidi zabantu kwiplanethi yethu siphila nje kwi 87-88 cm ngaphezu komgangatho wolwandle.

Ukunciphisa reflectivity wobuso le planethi

Xa wabhala ngento yi greenhouse effect, ngokuphindaphindiweyo inqaku okhankanywe ukuba uyayivuselela ukwehliswa reflectivity wobuso boMhlaba, encediswa kwamahlathi nobuntlango.

Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba isiciko iqhwa izibonda nga ukunciphisa ubushushu yonke iplanethi ubuncinane ezimbini degrees, kwaye umkhenkce ukuba babugubungela ubuso emanzini polar abangaphangeliyo ngamandla inkqubo ejection emoyeni le carbon dioxide methane. Ngaphezu koko, kule ndawo Imikhenkce ekumiselwe kuyo incam yezwe sele ngokubanzi umphunga wamanzi okuvuselela kakhulu yi greenhouse effect jikelele.

Konke oku kuya kuchaphazela umjikelo wamanzi ehlabathini inkanyamba kwamaza, inkohlakalo amandla ayo etshabalalisayo iinkanyamba kunye neenkanyamba ziza kunyuka nge izihlandlo eziliqela, nto leyo phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba abantu abahlala nkqu kwezo ndawo leyo ezikude kakhulu emideni kolwandle. Ngelishwa, ukudluliswa amanzi aya kukhokelela buyinto esahlukileyo. Namhlanje, imbalela i ingxaki-10% zomhlaba, kwaye kwixesha elizayo inani kwimimandla enjalo nivuke kakuhle ngoko nangoko 35-40%. It is a ithemba buhlungu eluntwini.

Kuba ilizwe lethu, uqikelelo kulo mzekelo, apho ngecala. Sezulu bakholelwa ukuba inxalenye enkulu kummandla Russia iya kuba kakhulu ezifanelekileyo zolimo eziqhelekileyo, imozulu iya kuba sisiba ngumntu kakhulu. Kakade ke, uninzi kwimimandla yonxweme (kwaye kufuneka ezininzi) kukhukulisa nje.

Le meko yesithathu luthatha ukuba ixesha elifutshane ukunyuka kwamaqondo kuzakutshintsha lungapholi jikelele. Sele sathetha malunga linyuke we-Gulf Stream, imiphumo. Masithi nto olufudumeleyo umise ... Kakade ke, ngaphambi kokuba iziganeko ezichazwe kwi movie "Imini Emva Ngomso", oko kuya kuza, kodwa ihlabathi inene, uya kuba esibandayo kakhulu. Hayi ixesha elide, kunjalo.

Ezinye zezibalo balandele kwithiyori (efanisiweyo, kunjalo) ukuba yi greenhouse effect on Earth iza kukhokelela kukuba kwiminyaka 20-30 lwemozulu eYurophu akazange abe kunomzimba kwilizwe lethu. Kwakhona ibonisa ukuba ukufudumala uya kuqhubeka emva koko, ngumbhalo leyo ichazwe lwalo yesibini.

isiphelo

Enoba yayiyintoni na, kodwa uqikelelo elungileyo ngenzululwazi ezininzi kangaka. Umntu nethemba kuphela ukuba iplanethi yethu yindlela ezinokuntsonkotha nobunzima kunathi ngqondweni. Mhlawumbi imiphumo Lilishwa olunjalo iphetshwe.