Equilibria owahlukeneyo

inkqubo owahlukeneyo, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya eyohlobo olulodwa, yinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni-imichiza, apho kukho ezahlukeneyo iipropati emzimbeni sigaba. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iqulathe iindawo ezahlukileyo kwiimo ukulinganiswa kunye nokwakhiwa lweziqalelo. Enye sigaba kwenkqubo loo ohlulwe kwabanye kumda, apho sicatshulwa ebangela uvale esemgangathweni kwi ukutshintsha iipropati physico-chemical kwenkqubo (arhente). Ezi ziyatshintsheka parameters isenokuba imilo kunye nolwakhiwo yikristale emkhusaneni, lexinene iziyobisi, ukwakhiwa kwayo, kunye nezinye intsimi electromagnetic.

Ngenxa yoko, kwinkqubo owahlukeneyo, kukho ubuncinane kwahlulwe ngomatshini le izigaba. Imizekelo yeenkqubo ezinjalo amanzi kunye nomphunga apho ithi ezahlukeneyo udibaniso, i-oyile namanzi, nto leyo ngesitya enye, babe ezaqanjwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nabanye. Ngokufuthi kunzima ukwahlula phakathi kweenkqubo bomzi kunye owahlukeneyo, ngokuba kunzima kukuzinzisa umda okhoyo phakathi ngokwezigaba. Umzekelo, kwi bemisiwe mechanical komda athathe colloids, yaye amasuntswana zincinane enyibilikayo. Kwelinye icala - le yinkqubo bomzi, ngokuba ubukhulu yamasuntswana incinane ukuze babe nokungahoywa. Kwelinye icala, nangona kwinqanaba-atom; Ke ubuncwane kuzo zonke nguye ekhona kulo mzekelo, kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa ezifana nenkqubo owahlukeneyo.

Parameter ibalulekileyo oluphawula umgaqo ukungafani, zezona lwesilinganiso owahlukeneyo. Makhe siqwalasele intsingiselo yalo simanga kwi umzekelo izisombululo zolwelo. Kwezi lizama owahlukeneyo kufuneka kwiipropati ke ukutshintshwa amasuntswana ngokusebenzisa umda umda kwisigaba, ubuncinane ngokwezigaba ezibini ezikufutshane. Sifikelela kwi kule nkcazelo, kuphela isangqa encinane la leyo kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwisicelo layo. Ngokweempawu yayo lwesilinganiso owahlukeneyo abasakwazi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke ngoko kwenzeka kwiinkqubo imichiza, kwaye umdla ukusuka kwindawo umbono uhlalutyo theoretical component kwi chemistry ngokwasemzimbeni.

Xa umdla asebenzisekayo na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, iinkqubo ezifana, njengoko isiqina - isigaba engamanzi (kwenze - isisombululo ifumile). Le nkqubo kubalulekile kuba xa kusenziwa ezininzi iikhemikhali technology ngokusekelwe ukwahlulwa into omnye komnye. Ukongeza, iinkqubo ebalulekileyo reverse apho lwesilinganiso owahlukeneyo zidlala indima enkulu. Ezi ziquka indlela yokuguqulela iikhompawundi kakuhle ezinyibilikayo kwi izisombululo.

Enye inkqubo - isigaba isiqina - isisombululo ulwelo isekelwe phezu mba kunaniselwano ion. Le chemical Kuyaziwa eqhelekileyo kwezobuchwephesha ucoco izisombululo zolwelo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ukungcola, ize isetyenziswe xa izinto eyahlula kuyimfuneko enye kwenye. Kulo mzekelo, kukho equilibria ngokweentlobo izisombululo electrolyte, ibalulekile kuba iindlela eziqhelekileyo wokwahlula iikhemikali olungasebenziyo. ukusebenza nokusebenzisa shintsha ezinjalo ibonelelwa ion kwemali, nto leyo kwenzeka komhlaba kubananisi ion kwinkqubo yokusabela electrolytic.

Common yesithathu iinkqubo phantsi ingqalelo - inkqubo ulwelo - kwisigaba engamanzi, ke umbuzo izinyibilikisi kunye sisincoko ezahlukeneyo zenkqunto. Eli tyala lisetyenziswa xa izisombululo emibini ezingadibaniyo eziqulathwe nganye kwezinye izinto kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo ukunyibilika, ngamanye amazwi, kukho lwesilinganiso owahlukeneyo ekwanti. Ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo kule meko sele kuthiwa gesi. Xa imveliso kunye noshishino iinkqubo yemichiza lokutsala limi njengoko ndlela inokusetyenziswa ngokukuko eyahlula izinto.