Yintoni inkqubo yemichiza? imichiza: undoqo kunye nendima endalweni

ukuguqulwa Mutual of iikhompawundi waphawula kwindalo, yaye kwenzeka njengoko kunokubonwa ngenxa zezinto ezenziwa luluntu njengoko iinkqubo imichiza. Le reactants ingaba kuzo okanye ngaphezulu ezimbini kwezinto omnye okanye amazwe ahlukeneyo, udibaniso. Kuxhomekeka kule umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo yohlobo olunye okanye owahlukeneyo. lweemeko kunye neempawu ezizodwa ngendima kweenkqubo imichiza yendalo eza kuxutyushwa kweli phepha.

Kuthetha ukuthini yokusabela khemikhali

Ukuba iziphumo impefumlelwano izinto ukuqala benithobele ukutshintsha iindawo molekyuli kunye neentlawulo atomic nuclei ziyafana, bathi malunga nezinto onokuzenza okanye iinkqubo kwemichiza. Products benziwa ngenxa lekhosi yabo, loo ndoda esetyenziswa kwishishini, ezolimo kunye namakhaya. Inani elikhulu leendibano phakathi izinto kwenzeka, njengoko eziphilayo kwaye engaphili kwindalo. iinkqubo yamachiza umahluko ezisisiseko ophathekayo neempawu yemisebe. Kwezi zinto entsha idale molecule, kanti iinkqubo emzimbeni musa Ndiyijike ukwakhiwa iikhompawundi, yaye iindlela ophendula zenyukliya zenzeka athom imichiza entsha.

ImiQathango inkqubo chemistry

Bangafika ezahlukeneyo kwaye baxhomekeke ubukhulu becala kuhlobo wezenzi yegalelo amandla eyimfuneko evela ngaphandle, kwakunye nemeko udibaniso (okuqinileyo, izisombululo, iigesi) apho le nkqubo lwenzeka. Isixhobo chemical intsebenziswano phakathi khompawundi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu mazenziwe phantsi intshukumo ye ehlanganisa (isi-nitric acid), lobushushu (imveliso ammonia), amandla ukukhanya (photosynthesis). Ngoncedo enzyme nohlobo lokuhlala yokusabela wemichiza iinkqubo Ukubila ngokubanzi (utywala, lactic acid, butyric acid) ezisetyenziswa ukutya kunye namashishini ekuzakuqalwa. Kuba iimveliso kushishino amagama eziphilayo, omnye wemiqathango inkulu ubukho mechanism free-olukhulu inkqubo kwemichiza. Umzekelo bekuya kuba ukulungiselelwa methane ikhlorini (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride eveliswe ngenxa ngayo chain.

catalysis eyohlobo olulodwa

Bona iintlobo ezikhethekileyo qha phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Kakuhle eli inkqubo yemichiza esathi kwisigaba bomzi (umz, igesi - igesi) ebandakanya accelerators reaction, kufuneka siqhube ukusabela lonke kwimixube umthamo. Ukuba kuvala i kwakulo mo aggregate, nokuba reactants, yenza izakhiwo kunye ezinokususwa iikhompawundi eqala eliphakathi.

catalysis eyohlobo olulodwa - inkqubo esisiseko imichiza lwenziwa, umzekelo, xa lokulungisa petroleum, ukuveliswa zepetroli, avuthayo, oyile negesi, kunye nezinye izibaso. Oku kusetyenziswa ubugcisa ezifana oguqukayo, isomerization, nokuqhekeka encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi.

catalysis owahlukeneyo

Kwimeko catalysis owahlukeneyo, lo zoqhagamshelwano reactants kwenzeka amaninzi kwindawo eyomeleleyo kuvala. Kuye kwasekwa amaziko ekuthiwa-esebenzayo. imimandla It apho impefumlelwano reactants uba ukwanda kakhulu, ngamanye izinga ukusabela eliphezulu. Yokuba iintlobo-ngqo, kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwakhona kwisithuba apho iinkqubo yemichiza ezazisenzeka ezikwiiseli eziphilayo. Koko uthethe ukutya - metabolic ngayo. Imizekelo catalysis owahlukeneyo na ulungiselelo woshishino sulfate acid. Le lwekontraka Umxube sukube kwe-sulphur dioxide kunye oxygen itshiswa idlule ezishelifini latticed ezaliswe kwamaqondo eparticulate ngumgubo vanadium oxide, sulfate vanadyl okanye VOSO _4. Oku kubangela imveliso - sulphur trioxide ke kwelifunekayo sulphuric acid wamandla. ulwelo kwakhiwa, ebizwa oleum. Oku kungenziwa exutywe namanzi ukufumana ukufumaneka ezinqwenelekayo sulphate acid.

Iimpawu abasabela thermochemical

Wedwa okanye ukufunxeka amandla ngohlobo ubushushu kubaluleke pfunaka. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula amafutha yokutsha reaction: igesi yendalo, amalahle, nja-. Bamele iinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza, uphawu ebalulekileyo ubushushu omlilo. reactions Thermal luninzi kwihlabathi eziphilayo, kwaye kwindalo ezingaphiliyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha ukwetyisa cleavage of iiprothini, lipids kunye carbohydrate phantsi kwempembelelo kwezinto eziphilayo esebenzayo - enzymes.

I-eneji sezikhutshiwe zigcinwa ngohlobo neentambo-eneji owayesisityebi ATP iimolekyuli. reactions dissimilation ephelekwa kuphuma amandla, inxalenye yayo dissipated njenge bubushushu. Ngenxa ukwetyisa, gram nganye iproteni inikeza 17 kJ 2 starch - 17, 2 kJ ezityebileyo - 38.9 kJ. iinkqubo yemichiza kwenzeka xa kuphuma amandla kuthiwa exothermic, kunye nokufunxwa wayo - endothermic. Kushishino, kuyondelelaniswe eziphilayo kunye nezinye ubuchwepheshe ebalwe iziphumo thermal basabele thermochemical. Oku kubalulekile, umzekelo, ukubala ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wamandla esetyenziselwa ngokushushubeza le zamandla kunye nemihlathi yokuqaphela, apho reactions kuqhutywa sikhatshwe ukufunxeka ubushushu.

Kinetics kunye nendima yayo kwithiyori kweenkqubo zeekhemikhali

sokubala isantya amasuntswana basabela (molekyuli ion) - le ngxaki inkulu ejongene shishino. isisombululo sakhe ziyanceda kwezoqoqosho kunye nenzuzo yemijikelo zeteknoloji kushishino kwemichiza le. Ukunyusa isantya sokungamelani afana ammonia amagama nqobo zokugweba zezona Umahluko xi umxube igesi ye nitrogen kunye hydrogen 30 MPA, kunye nokunqanda ukunyuka elibukhali kwi lobushushu (ubushushu elilelona yi 450- 550 ° C).

Iinkqubo zemichiza ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso ye asidi sulphated, ezizezi umtshiso pyrite, igcwala kwe-sulphur dioxide, isalfure trioxide, oleum yokufunxa lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa pyrite ziko kunye contactors. Ukuba bathathe ingqalelo lamanani reactants, lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Zonke ezi zinto zingqamene azithethelele ngesantya kakhulu, nto leyo eyandisa sulphate acid ukuvelisa 96-98%.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto, emzimbeni amachiza iinkqubo kwindalo

Eyaziwa esithi "Movement - bubomi" linokusetyenziswa imichiza engena iindidi ezahlukeneyo yentsebenziswano (reaction compound, endaweni, ukonakala, exchange). Molecule atom imichiza kokufika isiphakamiso okuqhubekayo. Njengoko izazinzulu, konke oku kungentla iintlobo ekudibaneni kwemichiza nga sikhatshwe ophathekayo: release ubushushu okanye nokufunxwa photons semitha ukukhanya, ukutshintsha imo udibaniso. Ezi nkqubo kwenzeka iqokobhe ngalinye Umhlaba: lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere, kunye nomoya, umhlaba onokuphila. Okubaluleke kakhulu ezi Imijikelo izinto ezifana ioksijini, icarbon dioxide kunye nitrogen. Xa oku kulandelayo siqwalasela isihloko njengoko nitrogen kwegazi kwenzeka umoya, umhlaba, yaye izinto eziphilayo.

Interconversion nitrogen kunye nemixube yayo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nitrogen yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-protein, yaye ngaloo ndlela inxaxheba kukwenziwa nazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Nitrogen ifunxwe zizityalo nezilwanyana ngohlobo ion: ammonium, nitrate kunye nayitrayithi ion. Izityalo ezibangelwa ifomu umBoniso hayi glucose kuphela kodwa acid, glycerol, ii-asidi okunamafutha. Zonke ezi zihlanganisi yemichiza ngasentla na imveliso reactions ibakho kumjikelo Calvin. -Nzulu ebalaseleyo Russian K. Timiryazev, wathetha ngendima yokuba izityalo eziluhlaza, sithwele engqondweni, ngokukodwa, kunye nokukwazi kwabo nokulungelelanisa iiprothini.

Izilwanyana ezitya ezi peptides ekutyeni zezityalo, nezidla - inyama bala maxhoba. Ngelo xesha phantsi kweempembelelo iintsholongwane zomhlaba saprotrophic ukubola iintsalela zezityalo nezilwanyana kukho iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo nemichiza. Ngenxa nitrogen yabo oganikhi khompawundi yaqhubeka uhlobo ezingaphiliyo (ammonia kuyilwa, nitrogen free, nitrate nitrites). Ukubuyela emoyeni nomhlaba, zonke ezi zinto wendele zizityalo kwakhona. Nitrogen ongena isikhumba ngenxa yokondliwa amagqabi, kunye nezisombululo ze-nitric acid kunye oxide acid kunye neetyuwa awo kwelifunekayo, kwaneenwele ingcambu kweengcambu zesityalo. Umjikelo ukuguqulwa nitrogen ivaliwe ukuphinda kwakhona. Kakuhle eli iinkqubo imichiza ukuthatha indawo initrogen kwindalo sele kufundwe iinkcukacha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ngokuthi Isazinzulu Russian DN Pryanishnikov.

powder insimbi

iinkqubo chemical Modern kunye nobuchwephesha benza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekudaleni izinto ngempahla ezizodwa emzimbeni imichiza. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi, ingakumbi izixhobo kunye nezixhobo okucoca yeoli, amashishini ezivelisa ezingaphiliyo asidi, idayi, ipeyinti, iiplastiki. Xa yezandla zabo zisetyenziswa kubananisi ubushushu, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, umhlathi kuyondelelaniswe, imibhobho. izixhobo lwandle kulapho zadibana eendaba ndlongondlongo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zemveliso phantse yonke yamachiza eziqhutywa phantsi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ezenzekayo kukufumana izinto ngempahla aphezulu thermal kwaye asidi ukuxhathisa, anti-umhlwa.

Powder insimbi iquka iinkqubo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa emigutyeni yesinyithi, kwaye sintering ekuqalisweni aluminium mihla ezisetyenziswa ngayo kunye nezinto afana ndlongondlongo.

Zisasilela kunye nokubaluleka kwazo

Phakathi ubuchwepheshe bale mihla, iinkqubo ibalulekileyo yamachiza imveliso awasabela ngayo izinto ahlanganisiweyo. Ezi ziquka amagwebu, cermets norpapalsty. Njengoko matrix ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa zesinyithi kunye aluminiyamu, iiseramikhi, iiplastiki. Njengoko excipients kusetyenziswa calcium silicate, udongwe emhlophe, Ferriday kwiteksti kunye barium. Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla ukunika izixhobo ezijongeneyo ukuxhathisa impembelelo, ubushushu banxibe ukuxhathisa.

Yintoni a technology ngemichiza

Industry, inzululwazi ajongene ukufunda indlela neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ekrwada kwezinto ezinomsebenzi: ioli, igesi yendalo, amalahle, iiminerali, ekuthiwa ubuchwepheshe chemical. Ngamanye amazwi, inzululwazi kweenkqubo imichiza ezenzeka ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu. All of base theoretical component phezulu zemathematika, cybernetics, imichiza emzimbeni, ezoqoqosho mveliso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na imichiza ababandakanyekayo iteknoloji (ukufumana nitrate acid yokubola lekalika, le kuyondelelaniswe zeplastiki phenol-formaldehyde) - phantsi kweemeko zangoku akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kweenkqubo zokulawula automated ukuququzelela nemisebenzi yabantu, ngaphandle ungcoliseko nokuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo yaye izinto ezilahlwayo-technology yemveliso chemical.

Kwesi sifundo, wabancina imizekelo yeenkqubo imichiza, zombini kwindalo (photosynthesis, dissimilation, umjikelo nitrogen) kwaye kolu shishino.