Yintoni a Pulsar: inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Pulsars esafunyanwa ngengozi kwi yee-imi- 60 lwekhulu XX. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha imigqaliselo kunye yerediyo, ngaphambili yenzelwe ukuphonononga imithombo eyahlukeneyo ezinzulwini ngobumenyemenye isithuba unexplored. Zeziphi ezi zinto isithuba?

Ukufunyanwa kwe pulsars abaphandi British

Iqela izazinzulu - Dzhoslin Bell, Entoni Hyuis kunye nabanye - kuqhutywa uphando kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. La mandla ezifunyenwe emva kwesithuba 0.3 qh., Kwaye rhoqo lwabo 81,5 MHz. Emva koko, izazi ziye kodwa wacinga ukuba yintoni Pulsar ngokwenyani kwaye yintoni na ubuntu bayo. Into yokuqala babona - nto iyamangalisa afumana nezihlandlo "imiyalezo". Emva kokuba yokudanyaza njengesiqhelo zenzeke indlela bahlupheke. Nkqu phakathi izazinzulu sele Kucetyiswa ukuba ezi zesandla ubungqina ukuzama ukufikelela ukuba uluntu lolawulo olwazelelayo yimpucuko komhlaba. ke basisishunqulelo IsiNgesi kwakuthetha amadoda okuluhlaza okuncinane ( "aluhlaza omncinane") - igama LGM yaziswa ukuba abekele kubo. Abaphandi baqala ukwenza yayililinge elinyanisekileyo States eyimfihlakalo "ikhowudi", yaye oku umdla abemi iingcali-ikhowudi okuchasene evela ehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, imizamo yabo aziphumelelanga.

Kule minyaka mithathu izayo, ngeenkwenkwezi kukho imithombo-3 ezifanayo zifunyenweyo. Kwaye ngoko, izazinzulu ziye waqonda ukuba le Pulsar. Wabonakala kwenye inkalo iphela, akukho ngokunxulumene impucuko komhlaba. Kungelo xesha pulsars wafumana igama layo. Kuba ukufunyanwa kwazo Isazinzulu Entoni Hyuish lawongwa ngebhaso Nobel ngo Physics.

Yintoni iinkwenkwezi neutron?

Kodwa nangona ukuvulwa oku kwenzeka kudala, abaninzi usenomdla xa uphendula umbuzo othi "yintoni na Pulsar." Oku akumangalisi, kuba asingabo bonke abantu baqhayise esikolweni okanye eyunivesithi ngeenkwenkwezi wakhe wafundisa kwelona nqanaba liphezulu. Impendulo yalo mbuzo: Pulsar - inkwenkwezi neutron, oluthi luqokelelane emva koqhamko lwesifo I enkulu eqhumayo. Kwaye ngoko ke ukumangala rhoqo ngexesha pulsation zingalula wachaza - unobangela nto uzinzo ukujikeleza iinkwenkwezi neutron.

Ngeenkwenkwezi, pulsars zibizwa inani elinemivo emine. Kwaye amanani amabini zokuqala lubonisa igama iwotshi, kwaye elandelayo emibini - imizuzu, okwenzeka anyukele amandla kunene. Kwaye phambili amanani zibekwe iileta ezimbini, nto leyo ufakwe yi iindawo ezivulekileyo. Eyokuqala zonke ukufunyanwa pulsars kwathiwa CP 1919 (okanye "Cambridge Pulsar ').

quasars

Yintoni pulsars kunye quasars? Thina Sele wayeyinxalenye ukuba pulsars ithombo radio enamandla radiation buzinze pulses ngabanye ezineqondo ethile. Quasars nabo phakathi kwezinto ezininzi umdla kwindalo iphela. Kwakhona eliqaqambileyo kakhulu - wagqwesa ngamandla amandla jikelele kwimitha leminyele ezifanayo iMilky Way. Quasars esafunyanwa yi ngeenkwenkwezi njengoko izinto kunye redshift eliphezulu. Ngokutsho kwenye ingcamango ethandwa, quasars - iminyele ngeli nqanaba okuqala uphuhliso, apho kukho umngxuma omkhulukazi emnyama.

Pulsar, eyona kwi kwimbali

Enye yezinto edume ezi izinto Yonke i Pulsar kwi Crab Nebula. Le kwafunyaniswa ibonisa ukuba Pulsar - le yenye yezinto ezininzi umdla kwindalo iphela.

Kukuqhushumba inkwenkwezi neutron kwi Crab Nebula yangoku yayinamandla kangangokuba Unga engahambiselaniyo imfundiso mihla yokuma. Ngowe-1054 BC. e. esibhakabhakeni samazulu, kwakhanya A inkwenkwezi entsha, leyo namhlanje kuthiwa SN 1054. Le dubulo wawuqhutywa nkqu ngexesha lasemini, leyo eqinisekiswe China kunye yeziKronike Arabhu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba eYurophu akazange abone dubulo - ngoko ke uluntu ke ngoko ugxile kwiingxoxo phakathi Pope kunye isithunywa sakhe, Cardinal Humber ukuba akukho ulindayo elo xesha akazange abhale dubulo kwimisebenzi yakhe. A ambalwa eminyaka kamva, xa kwisiza dubulo sele ufumene nebula entsha, kamva owaziwa Crab. discoverer wayo, uWilliam Parsons, ngasizathu sithile sinditya uhlobo unonkala.

A Pulsar PSR B0531 + 21 okokuqala ngo-1968, yaye ukuba Pulsar waba kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba izazinzulu ziye zachongwa kunye yokutyiwa kwaloo supernova. Umthombo pulsation, xa kugwetywa ngqongqo akanguye nkwenkwezi,-kubizwa ngokuba plasma lesibini oluthi luqokelelane entsimini ngemagnethi ejikelezayo nesantya star breakneck. Le rhoqo ukujikeleza Pulsar le nebula Crab kukuphinda-30 ngomzuzwana.

Ukufunyanwa, okungalungelaniyo kungena sikhokelo beengcamango mihla

Kodwa lo Pulsar Akumangalisi nje ukukhanya kwayo rhoqo. Kutshanje kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba PSR B0531 + 21 likhipha imisebe radioactive kuluhlu engaphezu uphawu volts-100 ezigidi abantu. Eli nani amaxesha aliwaka ngaphezu kwimitha, nto leyo isetyenziswa izixhobo zonyango, kwaye kalishumi ngaphezulu lingaphezulu kunexabiso esichazwe imfundiso yanamhlanje gamma. Martin Schroeder, ngeenkwenkwezi American, uthi ngale ndlela: "Ukuba nje kweminyaka emibini eyadlulayo, uye wabuza nawuphi na umbuzo yokuma, okulolu hlobo zafunyanwa ukuba kwimitha ubuya kufumana ocacile" hayi ". Le ngcamango, nto leyo sihlale mhaka evulekileyo nje ayikho. "

Yintoni pulsars yaye kwasekwa ngayo: imfihlakalo besayensi

Ngenxa yophando Crab Nebula Pulsar, izazinzulu sinengcamango malunga nohlobo ezi zinto isithuba twisiseka. Ngoku ingaba ngaphezu okanye ecacileyo ngaphantsi ingcamango into Pulsar. ukubonakala kwazo wachaza into yokuba sigaba sokugqibela izinto zazivelela yayo, ezinye iinkwenkwezi umlilo futhi qhuma womsindo omkhulu umboniso - kukho ukuzalwa supernova. Ukusuka Iinkwenkwezi eqhelekileyo ukuba ahluka yi flash kwimveliso. Nje kumnyele wethu kukho malunga 100 nokuqhambuka ezinjalo ngonyaka. Nje kweentsuku ezimbalwa kwandisa iqaqambile kwe supernova kumaxesha kwesigidi ezimbalwa.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, yonke nebula kunye pulsars avele endaweni ungadubula supernova. Noko ke, phawula pulsars abakwazi zonke iintsalela kolu didi imizimba yasezulwini. Kufuneka siphambanise abathandi ngeenkwenkwezi - emva Pulsar ibonakala kuphela xa kusehla ukuba sibekwe kwi engile elithile ujikelezo. Ukongeza, ngenxa pulsars zabo uhlobo elide "ukuphila" ngaphezu nebula apho kwakheka. Izazinzulu ayikwazi qondile izizathu ezenza nkwenkwezi ebandayo kwaye ebonakala kudala-efile iba umthombo onamandla namaza erediyo. Nangona ubuninzi yeengcinga, impendulo yalo mbuzo, ngeenkwenkwezi kufuneka anike kwixesha elizayo.

Pulsars kunye xesha lifutshane ujikelezo

Mhlawumbi, abo esazibuza yintoni Pulsar, kwaye zithini iindaba zakutshanje ezivela yokuma ezi izinto ezingcwele, yaye oko kuya kuba umdla ukwazi inani lilonke umhla open ziinkwenkwezi ezinjalo. Namhlanje, izazinzulu bazi ngaphezulu kwe 1300 pulsars. Ngaphezu koko, a isixa esikhulu - malunga ne-90% - ezi nkwenkwezi pulsate kuluhlu ukususela 0.1 ukuya 1 yesibini. Kukho nkqu pulsars kunye nexesha nokuba ngaphantsi - zibizwa millisecond. Omnye wabo amfumana ngeenkwenkwezi ngo-1982 kwi-umlaza Vulpecula. Ngexesha ujikelezo bayo imizuzwana 0,00155 kuphela. oganogram le Pulsar ubandakanya axis ujikelezo, intsimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye namaza erediyo.

Amaxesha ujikelezo elingephi of pulsars, babakhonza njengoko ingxabano eziphambili ngakwicala kwinkolelo yokuba ngemvelo yabo ejikelezayo iinkwenkwezi neutron (pulsars lihambisana ibinzana elithi "neutron inkwenkwezi"). Emva sezijikelezi kunye nexesha ojikelezayo kufuneka ashinyeneyo kakhulu. Izifundo kwezi njongo usaqhubeka. Emva kokuva ukuba pulsars neutron, izazinzulu ziye ayaqhubeka izibakala bafumanisa ngaphambili. Ngapha koko, iinkwenkwezi yamangalisa ngokwenene - ubukho sabo kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba imikhosi centrifugal ezivelayo ngenxa ujikeleza ngaphantsi amandla omxhuzulane yekeyeke osisiqu esinye Pulsar.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo iinkwenkwezi neutron

Kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba pulsars nge xesha ms of ujikelezo asingabo abaselula, phezu koko, phakathi endala. Kwaye pulsars kolu didi kwakukho amasimi olubuthathaka ngemagnethi.

Kukho kwakhona uhlobo inkwenkwezi neutron, ekuthiwa X-ray pulsars. Ezi imizimba yasezulwini ayikhuphi-X-reyi. Kwakhona kuba kudidi leenkwenkwezi neutron. Noko ke, pulsars kunye neenkwenkwezi ayikhuphi-X-reyi, senze ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye abe iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Kuba ixesha lokuqala olu hlobo Pulsar yafumaneka ngo-1972 kwi lekroza ka uMofokeng.

Uhlobo pulsars

Xa abaphandi baye baqala kuphela ukuba bafunde oko pulsars, bagqiba ukuba iinkwenkwezi neutron babe uhlobo olufanayo kwanokuxinana njengoko eziba athom. Esi sigqibo yafikelelwa kuba bonke pulsars radiation eqhelekileyo nzima - ncam, okuhambisana kunye nezenzo yenyukliya. Noko ke, ukubala ezinye wavumela ngeenkwenkwezi ukwenza enye ingxelo. Uhlobo isithuba izinto "Pulsar" - umzimba yasezulwini ufana iiplanethi ezinkulu (ebizwa "iinkwenkwezi infrared").